{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2163993443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/11575832_13","title":"N-Gram Similarity and Distance","display_name":"N-Gram Similarity and Distance","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2163993443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/11575832_13","mag":"2163993443"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/11575832_13","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/11575832_13","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008747488","display_name":"Grzegorz Kondrak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Grzegorz Kondrak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E8, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008747488"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4871,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":307,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9078125,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"115","last_page":"126"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edit-distance","display_name":"Edit distance","score":0.9417304992675781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/longest-common-subsequence-problem","display_name":"Longest common subsequence problem","score":0.9280107021331787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.7751182317733765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/n-gram","display_name":"n-gram","score":0.7245386242866516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subsequence","display_name":"Subsequence","score":0.6588941216468811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6217048764228821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/string-metric","display_name":"String metric","score":0.49897217750549316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alphabet","display_name":"Alphabet","score":0.4714703857898712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/string","display_name":"String (physics)","score":0.4648887515068054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.45477670431137085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distance-measures","display_name":"Distance measures","score":0.4494681656360626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similitude","display_name":"Similitude","score":0.43944498896598816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gram","display_name":"Gram","score":0.41256043314933777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.367290198802948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.35964876413345337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3193620443344116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3110329508781433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/string-searching-algorithm","display_name":"String searching algorithm","score":0.2489362359046936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-matching","display_name":"Pattern matching","score":0.16556230187416077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.06869715452194214}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44359876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5338467","display_name":"Edit distance","level":2,"score":0.9417304992675781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120098539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141001","display_name":"Longest common subsequence problem","level":2,"score":0.9280107021331787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.7751182317733765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117884012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94489","display_name":"n-gram","level":3,"score":0.7245386242866516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137877099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332977","display_name":"Subsequence","level":3,"score":0.6588941216468811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6217048764228821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22820288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9050568","display_name":"String metric","level":4,"score":0.49897217750549316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112876837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837518","display_name":"Alphabet","level":2,"score":0.4714703857898712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157486923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376436","display_name":"String (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4648887515068054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.45477670431137085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2639959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1344778","display_name":"Distance measures","level":2,"score":0.4494681656360626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143271835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254515","display_name":"Similitude","level":2,"score":0.43944498896598816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161369605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41803","display_name":"Gram","level":3,"score":0.41256043314933777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.367290198802948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.35964876413345337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3193620443344116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3110329508781433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7757238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374040","display_name":"String searching algorithm","level":3,"score":0.2489362359046936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68859911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503724","display_name":"Pattern matching","level":2,"score":0.16556230187416077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.06869715452194214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34388435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267362","display_name":"Bounded function","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523546767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876","display_name":"Bacteria","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/11575832_13","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/11575832_13","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.69.2441","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.69.2441","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~kondrak/papers/spire05.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W149957658","https://openalex.org/W1497763703","https://openalex.org/W1501400124","https://openalex.org/W1811404221","https://openalex.org/W1965438265","https://openalex.org/W1970026646","https://openalex.org/W1991983464","https://openalex.org/W2008060909","https://openalex.org/W2043481183","https://openalex.org/W2096967468","https://openalex.org/W2111643688","https://openalex.org/W2752885492","https://openalex.org/W3145128584","https://openalex.org/W4241850027","https://openalex.org/W4246219036","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4301022842"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4292436243","https://openalex.org/W2759575792","https://openalex.org/W2163993443","https://openalex.org/W2298909997","https://openalex.org/W1597110170","https://openalex.org/W2902509208","https://openalex.org/W1998140328","https://openalex.org/W2053556860","https://openalex.org/W1516985461","https://openalex.org/W2952544458"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
