{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1831353325","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/11550518_48","title":"License Plate Character Segmentation Using Hidden Markov Chains","display_name":"License Plate Character Segmentation Using Hidden Markov Chains","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1831353325","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/11550518_48","mag":"1831353325"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/11550518_48","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/11550518_48","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055011124","display_name":"Vojt\u011bch Franc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7189-1224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44504214","display_name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqpb082","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vojt\u011bch Franc","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Machine Perception, Department of Cybernetics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Machine Perception, Department of Cybernetics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087754464","display_name":"V\u00e1clav Hlav\u00e1\u010d","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8472-3147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44504214","display_name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqpb082","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V\u00e1clav Hlav\u00e1\u010d","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Machine Perception, Department of Cybernetics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Machine Perception, Department of Cybernetics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055011124"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7585,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90188679,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"385","last_page":"392"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7827637195587158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.767852783203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-a-posteriori-estimation","display_name":"Maximum a posteriori estimation","score":0.6717405915260315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6526148915290833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.6377729177474976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/license","display_name":"License","score":0.6377211213111877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.636441171169281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.6072885990142822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.5933138132095337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-programming","display_name":"Dynamic programming","score":0.576305627822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5565806031227112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relation","display_name":"Relation (database)","score":0.5016472339630127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.46875786781311035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/a-priori-and-a-posteriori","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","score":0.45984283089637756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4524464011192322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-model","display_name":"Markov model","score":0.4288170337677002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.41270214319229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.28034308552742004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.17013537883758545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.15597078204154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14409804344177246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-likelihood","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","score":0.13104292750358582}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7827637195587158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.767852783203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9810830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q635384","display_name":"Maximum a posteriori estimation","level":3,"score":0.6717405915260315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6526148915290833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6377729177474976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780560020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79719","display_name":"License","level":2,"score":0.6377211213111877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.636441171169281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.6072885990142822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.5933138132095337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37404715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380679","display_name":"Dynamic programming","level":2,"score":0.576305627822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5565806031227112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.5016472339630127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.46875786781311035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.45984283089637756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4524464011192322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163836022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6771326","display_name":"Markov model","level":3,"score":0.4288170337677002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41270214319229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.28034308552742004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.17013537883758545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.15597078204154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14409804344177246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.13104292750358582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/11550518_48","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/11550518_48","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639801547","https://openalex.org/W1983275987","https://openalex.org/W1991133427","https://openalex.org/W1991882200","https://openalex.org/W2799061466","https://openalex.org/W4230309956","https://openalex.org/W4244494905"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1595191759","https://openalex.org/W2010299594","https://openalex.org/W1510894296","https://openalex.org/W2134386692","https://openalex.org/W2082284720","https://openalex.org/W2194396582","https://openalex.org/W2116722627","https://openalex.org/W2379938888","https://openalex.org/W2537260108","https://openalex.org/W4233405330"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
