{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393155827","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/widm.1534","title":"Does a language model \u201cunderstand\u201d high school math? A survey of deep learning based word problem solvers","display_name":"Does a language model \u201cunderstand\u201d high school math? A survey of deep learning based word problem solvers","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393155827","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/widm.1534"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/widm.1534","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/widm.1534","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/widm.1534","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2505707916","display_name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery","issn_l":"1942-4787","issn":["1942-4787","1942-4795"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/widm.1534","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006341541","display_name":"Sowmya S. Sundaram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0086-7582"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136150","display_name":"L3S Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/039t4wk02","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114112103","https://openalex.org/I4210136150","https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sowmya S. Sundaram","raw_affiliation_strings":["L3S Research Center  Hannover Germany","L3S Research Center, Hannover, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0086-7582","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"L3S Research Center  Hannover Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136150"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"L3S Research Center, Hannover, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136150"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005866714","display_name":"Sairam Gurajada","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sairam Gurajada","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research  Almaden USA","IBM Research, Almaden, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research  Almaden USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Almaden, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012482178","display_name":"Deepak Padmanabhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1336-2356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepak Padmanabhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queen's University  Belfast UK","Queen's University, Belfast, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen's University  Belfast UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen's University, Belfast, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002631025","display_name":"Savitha Sam Abraham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3902-2867"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26437253","display_name":"\u00d6rebro University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kytsw45","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26437253"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Savitha Sam Abraham","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of \u00d6rebro  \u00d6rebro Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of \u00d6rebro  \u00d6rebro Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26437253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084934349","display_name":"Marco Fisichella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6894-1101"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136150","display_name":"L3S Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/039t4wk02","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114112103","https://openalex.org/I4210136150","https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Fisichella","raw_affiliation_strings":["L3S Research Center  Hannover Germany","L3S Research Center, Hannover, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6894-1101","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"L3S Research Center  Hannover Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136150"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"L3S Research Center, Hannover, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136150"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006341541"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136150"],"apc_list":{"value":4070,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4070},"apc_paid":{"value":4070,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4070},"fwci":1.4127,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83253579,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"4","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.643803596496582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.5708475112915039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.5580419301986694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.528210461139679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.465924471616745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3911299705505371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.3476848304271698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.29479455947875977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.08311671018600464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.643803596496582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5708475112915039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.5580419301986694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.528210461139679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.465924471616745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3911299705505371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3476848304271698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.29479455947875977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.08311671018600464}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/widm.1534","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/widm.1534","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/widm.1534","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2505707916","display_name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery","issn_l":"1942-4787","issn":["1942-4787","1942-4795"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:openaire/8d237ab6-77d3-4052-8fe5-13dad5629779","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/8d237ab6-77d3-4052-8fe5-13dad5629779","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sundaram, S S, Gurajada, S, Padmanabhan, D, Abraham, S S & Fisichella, M 2024, 'Does a language model \u201cunderstand\u201d high school math? A survey of deep learning based word problem solvers', Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, vol. 14, no. 4, e1534. https://doi.org/10.1002/widm.1534","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/review"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openaccess.city.ac.uk:36024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/view/creators_id/savitha=2Esam-abraham.html>","pdf_url":"https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/36024/1/WIREs%20Data%20Min%20Knowl%20-%202024%20-%20Sundaram%20-%20Does%20a%20language%20model%20understand%20high%20school%20math%20A%20survey%20of%20deep%20learning.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401940","display_name":"City Research Online (City University London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I180825142","host_organization_name":"City, University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180825142"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.15488/20234","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/widm.1534","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/widm.1534","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/widm.1534","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2505707916","display_name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery","issn_l":"1942-4787","issn":["1942-4787","1942-4795"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393155827.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":101,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1514290684","https://openalex.org/W1539746312","https://openalex.org/W2013938288","https://openalex.org/W2021901949","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2072950331","https://openalex.org/W2105717194","https://openalex.org/W2130942839","https://openalex.org/W2135747859","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2250564385","https://openalex.org/W2250769864","https://openalex.org/W2251349042","https://openalex.org/W2251935656","https://openalex.org/W2252202991","https://openalex.org/W2276364082","https://openalex.org/W2475046758","https://openalex.org/W2510828927","https://openalex.org/W2513499049","https://openalex.org/W2604272474","https://openalex.org/W2739178641","https://openalex.org/W2757276219","https://openalex.org/W2758343314","https://openalex.org/W2788411903","https://openalex.org/W2799151853","https://openalex.org/W2804713279","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2905342727","https://openalex.org/W2907492528","https://openalex.org/W2945720633","https://openalex.org/W2951107864","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2962800603","https://openalex.org/W2962817854","https://openalex.org/W2962927633","https://openalex.org/W2962970011","https://openalex.org/W2963199195","https://openalex.org/W2963705839","https://openalex.org/W2963779892","https://openalex.org/W2964710271","https://openalex.org/W2971094176","https://openalex.org/W2971703667","https://openalex.org/W2981852735","https://openalex.org/W2986266667","https://openalex.org/W2996937242","https://openalex.org/W3016970897","https://openalex.org/W3030163527","https://openalex.org/W3034643750","https://openalex.org/W3034865274","https://openalex.org/W3034999214","https://openalex.org/W3035428952","https://openalex.org/W3035498813","https://openalex.org/W3085238060","https://openalex.org/W3091905774","https://openalex.org/W3096655658","https://openalex.org/W3101786725","https://openalex.org/W3102199783","https://openalex.org/W3102315106","https://openalex.org/W3103934428","https://openalex.org/W3103939752","https://openalex.org/W3106124812","https://openalex.org/W3115977017","https://openalex.org/W3134642945","https://openalex.org/W3170403598","https://openalex.org/W3173260995","https://openalex.org/W3173285067","https://openalex.org/W3174105824","https://openalex.org/W3174583470","https://openalex.org/W3174781928","https://openalex.org/W3175239873","https://openalex.org/W3176186248","https://openalex.org/W3176514068","https://openalex.org/W3176693010","https://openalex.org/W3183303265","https://openalex.org/W3187417884","https://openalex.org/W3197304407","https://openalex.org/W3198845875","https://openalex.org/W3200808010","https://openalex.org/W3201205157","https://openalex.org/W3205586399","https://openalex.org/W3210904070","https://openalex.org/W3211457251","https://openalex.org/W3212074627","https://openalex.org/W3212326721","https://openalex.org/W3212495443","https://openalex.org/W3213623901","https://openalex.org/W3213727387","https://openalex.org/W4205131770","https://openalex.org/W4206777850","https://openalex.org/W4226325987","https://openalex.org/W4283768109","https://openalex.org/W4285283606","https://openalex.org/W4285287883","https://openalex.org/W4287704453","https://openalex.org/W4288089799","https://openalex.org/W4307073337","https://openalex.org/W4385571387","https://openalex.org/W4385718025","https://openalex.org/W4389520003","https://openalex.org/W6781533629"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W2611989081","https://openalex.org/W4230611425","https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W4304166257","https://openalex.org/W4294635752","https://openalex.org/W4383066092","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W2804383999","https://openalex.org/W2296205523"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"From":[1,156],"the":[2,6,68,77,93,97,143,157,163],"latter":[3],"half":[4],"of":[5,45,59,103,120,137,160,194],"last":[7,98],"decade,":[8],"there":[9],"has":[10],"been":[11,82],"a":[12,27,51,101,115,129,153,171],"growing":[13],"interest":[14],"in":[15,135,140],"developing":[16],"algorithms":[17],"for":[18,55,67,84,173],"automatically":[19],"solving":[20,85],"mathematical":[21,41],"word":[22,62,86,176],"problems":[23,63],"(MWP).":[24],"It":[25],"is":[26,181],"challenging":[28],"and":[29,64,90,92,117,132,147,196],"unique":[30],"task":[31],"that":[32,80],"demands":[33],"blending":[34],"surface":[35],"level":[36],"text":[37],"pattern":[38],"recognition":[39],"with":[40],"reasoning.":[42],"In":[43,71,96],"spite":[44,136],"extensive":[46],"research,":[47],"we":[48,74,166],"still":[49],"have":[50,81,107],"lot":[52,102],"to":[53,151,169],"explore":[54],"building":[56],"robust":[57],"representations":[58],"elementary":[60],"math":[61,175],"effective":[65],"solutions":[66],"general":[69],"task.":[70],"this":[72,125,138],"paper,":[73],"critically":[75],"examine":[76],"various":[78],"models":[79,106],"developed":[83],"problems,":[87],"their":[88],"pros":[89],"cons":[91],"challenges":[94],"ahead.":[95],"2":[99],"years,":[100],"deep":[104],"learning":[105],"recorded":[108],"competing":[109],"results":[110],"on":[111],"benchmark":[112],"datasets,":[113],"making":[114],"critical":[116],"conceptual":[118],"analysis":[119],"literature":[121,164],"highly":[122],"useful":[123],"at":[124],"juncture.":[126],"We":[127],"take":[128],"step":[130],"back":[131],"analyze":[133],"why,":[134],"abundance":[139],"scholarly":[141],"interest,":[142],"predominantly":[144],"used":[145],"experiment":[146],"dataset":[148],"designs":[149],"continue":[150],"be":[152],"stumbling":[154],"block.":[155],"vantage":[158],"point":[159],"having":[161],"analyzed":[162],"closely,":[165],"also":[167],"endeavor":[168],"provide":[170],"road\u2010map":[172],"future":[174],"problem":[177],"research.":[178],"This":[179],"article":[180],"categorized":[182],"under:":[183],"Technologies":[184,188],">":[185,189,198],"Machine":[186],"Learning":[187],"Artificial":[190],"Intelligence":[191],"Fundamental":[192],"Concepts":[193],"Data":[195],"Knowledge":[197,199],"Representation":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}