{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138959667","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spy2.70215","title":"<scp>WISE</scp> : A Weighted Hybrid Ensemble of <scp>CNN</scp> and Tree\u2010Based Models for Robust <scp>IoT</scp> Intrusion Detection","display_name":"<scp>WISE</scp> : A Weighted Hybrid Ensemble of <scp>CNN</scp> and Tree\u2010Based Models for Robust <scp>IoT</scp> Intrusion Detection","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138959667","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spy2.70215"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/spy2.70215","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spy2.70215","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210233143","display_name":"Security and Privacy","issn_l":"2475-6725","issn":["2475-6725"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SECURITY AND PRIVACY","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017750516","display_name":"Md Asifur Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9020-2789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103434671","display_name":"American International University-Bangladesh","ror":"https://ror.org/02j8ga255","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103434671"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Asifur Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science American International University\u2010Bangladesh  Dhaka Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science American International University\u2010Bangladesh  Dhaka Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103434671"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109962204","display_name":"Mohsin Kabir","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82509713","display_name":"M\u00e4lardalen University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vfbz75","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82509713"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Mohsin Kabir","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Innovation, Design and Engineering M\u00e4lardalens University  V\u00e4ster\u00e5s Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Innovation, Design and Engineering M\u00e4lardalens University  V\u00e4ster\u00e5s Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82509713"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041704835","display_name":"Md. Jakir Hossen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9978-7987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Jakir Hossen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Advanced Analytics (CAA), COE for Artificial Intelligence Faculty of Engineering &amp; Technology (FET) Multimedia University  Melaka Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9978-7987","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Advanced Analytics (CAA), COE for Artificial Intelligence Faculty of Engineering &amp; Technology (FET) Multimedia University  Melaka Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129878747","display_name":"M. F. Mridha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103434671","display_name":"American International University-Bangladesh","ror":"https://ror.org/02j8ga255","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103434671"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. F. Mridha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science American International University\u2010Bangladesh  Dhaka Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5738-1631","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science American International University\u2010Bangladesh  Dhaka Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103434671"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5129878747"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103434671"],"apc_list":{"value":3140,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3140},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60463692,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"3","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.635699987411499,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.635699987411499,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.030400000512599945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.02590000070631504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.5884000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.5776000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighted-voting","display_name":"Weighted voting","score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4390999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.43869999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting","display_name":"Voting","score":0.42340001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/majority-rule","display_name":"Majority rule","score":0.41179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.39340001344680786}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7071999907493591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.5884000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.5776000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132778050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2065430","display_name":"Weighted voting","level":4,"score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5299000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4390999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.43869999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43160000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.42340001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153668964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27636","display_name":"Majority rule","level":2,"score":0.41179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.39340001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3831000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3765000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119898033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433888","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","level":2,"score":0.3686999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.34450000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158251709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354025","display_name":"Intrusion","level":2,"score":0.29580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.29580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137524506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2247688","display_name":"Anomaly-based intrusion detection system","level":3,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.2513999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/spy2.70215","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spy2.70215","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210233143","display_name":"Security and Privacy","issn_l":"2475-6725","issn":["2475-6725"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SECURITY AND PRIVACY","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5525475144386292}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1641597637","https://openalex.org/W1966809779","https://openalex.org/W2130802299","https://openalex.org/W2134295053","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2342408547","https://openalex.org/W2527999453","https://openalex.org/W2554148185","https://openalex.org/W2620580412","https://openalex.org/W2744423752","https://openalex.org/W2772317693","https://openalex.org/W2783741806","https://openalex.org/W2803881474","https://openalex.org/W2810292802","https://openalex.org/W2965568386","https://openalex.org/W2991140181","https://openalex.org/W2991507433","https://openalex.org/W3005048680","https://openalex.org/W3106741970","https://openalex.org/W3203063668","https://openalex.org/W3211805421","https://openalex.org/W4390511794","https://openalex.org/W4396605089","https://openalex.org/W4403191928"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Intelligent":[1],"and":[2,29,46,65,106,157,173,190,216,268],"dependable":[3,215],"Intrusion":[4],"Detection":[5],"Systems":[6],"are":[7,33],"crucial":[8],"considering":[9],"that":[10,99,228,242],"the":[11,18,22,42,120,123,130,148,198,244],"cyberattack":[12],"surface":[13],"has":[14,261],"grown":[15],"due":[16,40],"to":[17,41,61,113,224,256],"exponential":[19],"growth":[20],"of":[21,24,50,122,132,171,178,246],"Internet":[23],"Things":[25],"(IoT).":[26],"However,":[27],"traditional":[28],"single\u2010model":[30],"ML":[31],"approaches":[32],"ineffective,":[34],"particularly":[35],"in":[36,57],"detecting":[37],"uncommon":[38,257],"attacks,":[39],"high":[43,181],"dimensionality,":[44],"complexity,":[45],"stark":[47],"class":[48,63,160],"imbalance":[49,64,161],"real\u2010world":[51],"IoT":[52,83,88,218],"network":[53],"data.":[54],"Equal\u2010weight":[55],"voting":[56,231],"hybrid":[58,96,208,226],"ensembles":[59,227],"fails":[60],"address":[62],"lacks":[66],"a":[67,94,101,133,168,174,214,237],"principled":[68],"weighting":[69],"strategy.":[70],"WISE":[71,152,235],"addresses":[72],"this":[73],"gap":[74],"with":[75,180],"an":[76],"adaptive":[77],"weighted":[78,95,109,135,207,239],"averaging":[79,136],"mechanism":[80,241],"for":[81,183],"imbalanced":[82],"intrusion":[84,89,219],"detection.":[85],"For":[86],"reliable":[87],"detection,":[90],"we":[91],"propose":[92],"WISE,":[93],"ensemble":[97,209],"model":[98],"combines":[100],"1D\u2010CNN,":[102],"Random":[103],"Forest":[104],"(RF),":[105],"XGBoost":[107,144],"via":[108],"averaging.":[110],"CNN's":[111,254],"sensitivity":[112,255],"rare":[114,184],"attacks":[115],"is":[116],"prioritized":[117],"while":[118,252],"utilizing":[119],"accuracy":[121,170,245],"tree":[124],"models":[125,156,248],"on":[126,249],"common":[127,250],"classes":[128,186,251],"through":[129,264],"use":[131],"strategic":[134],"technique":[137],"(CNN":[138],"=":[139,142,145],"0.4,":[140],"RF":[141],"0.3,":[143],"0.3).":[146],"Using":[147],"unbalanced":[149],"RT\u2010IOT2022":[150],"dataset,":[151],"outperformed":[153],"eight":[154],"baseline":[155],"successfully":[158],"mitigated":[159],"across":[162],"all":[163],"12":[164],"attack":[165,185],"classes,":[166],"achieving":[167],"state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art":[169],"0.9978":[172],"superior":[175],"macro":[176],"F1\u2010score":[177],"0.9757,":[179],"recall":[182],"such":[187],"as":[188,213],"Mirai":[189],"Bashlite.":[191],"Additionally,":[192],"Grad\u2010CAM's":[193],"Explainable":[194],"AI":[195],"(XAI)":[196],"improves":[197],"model's":[199],"decision\u2010making":[200],"process":[201],"by":[202],"revealing":[203],"detected":[204],"attacks.":[205,258],"This":[206,259],"offers":[210],"great":[211],"promise":[212],"successful":[217],"detection":[220],"paradigm.":[221],"In":[222],"contrast":[223],"current":[225],"employ":[229],"majority":[230],"or":[232],"simple":[233],"averaging,":[234],"introduces":[236],"strategically":[238],"fusion":[240],"leverages":[243],"tree\u2010based":[247],"prioritizing":[253],"approach":[260],"been":[262],"validated":[263],"rigorous":[265],"statistical":[266],"testing":[267],"XAI.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T20:54:20.808490","created_date":"2026-03-20T00:00:00"}
