{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2091548089","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.4380200705","title":"A node\u2010positioning algorithm for general trees","display_name":"A node\u2010positioning algorithm for general trees","publication_year":1990,"publication_date":"1990-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2091548089","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.4380200705","mag":"2091548089"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/spe.4380200705","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.4380200705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122199241","display_name":"Software Practice and Experience","issn_l":"0038-0644","issn":["0038-0644","1097-024X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Software: Practice and Experience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112392686","display_name":"John Q. Walker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1309191912","display_name":"Research Triangle Park Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/03eqttr49","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1309191912"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John Q. Walker","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Corporation, Communication Systems Department E42 Building 673, P.O. Box 12195, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Corporation, Communication Systems Department E42 Building 673, P.O. Box 12195, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1309191912"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112392686"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1309191912"],"apc_list":{"value":4220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4220},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8969,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":154,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74010791,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"7","first_page":"685","last_page":"705"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10996","display_name":"Computational Geometry and Mesh Generation","score":0.9627000093460083,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10996","display_name":"Computational Geometry and Mesh Generation","score":0.9627000093460083,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12923","display_name":"Digital Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9262999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.9093999862670898,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-tree","display_name":"Binary tree","score":0.6641721725463867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.6407484412193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.6318001747131348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5828908085823059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.5778738856315613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.5304744839668274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5036436915397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.4548810124397278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4466966986656189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segment-tree","display_name":"Segment tree","score":0.42425474524497986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-ary-tree","display_name":"K-ary tree","score":0.4119134545326233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.390123188495636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-structure","display_name":"Tree structure","score":0.35568878054618835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interval-tree","display_name":"Interval tree","score":0.3501574695110321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3369303345680237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.2134512960910797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16567549109458923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197855036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380172","display_name":"Binary tree","level":2,"score":0.6641721725463867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.6407484412193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6318001747131348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5828908085823059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.5778738856315613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.5304744839668274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5036436915397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.4548810124397278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4466966986656189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94557470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2377385","display_name":"Segment tree","level":5,"score":0.42425474524497986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100560664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3608019","display_name":"K-ary tree","level":4,"score":0.4119134545326233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.390123188495636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163797641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2067937","display_name":"Tree structure","level":3,"score":0.35568878054618835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84927040","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6057306","display_name":"Interval tree","level":4,"score":0.3501574695110321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3369303345680237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.2134512960910797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16567549109458923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/spe.4380200705","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.4380200705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122199241","display_name":"Software Practice and Experience","issn_l":"0038-0644","issn":["0038-0644","1097-024X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Software: Practice and Experience","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W164406012","https://openalex.org/W1490163320","https://openalex.org/W1585772822","https://openalex.org/W1985649695","https://openalex.org/W1986893644","https://openalex.org/W1993449345","https://openalex.org/W2002278016","https://openalex.org/W2003494253","https://openalex.org/W2045012623","https://openalex.org/W2066364954","https://openalex.org/W2068373264","https://openalex.org/W6629284913"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2107381954","https://openalex.org/W4244673516","https://openalex.org/W2022598760","https://openalex.org/W2074513192","https://openalex.org/W2227684440","https://openalex.org/W1979994068","https://openalex.org/W1510719821","https://openalex.org/W2359095153","https://openalex.org/W2343659340","https://openalex.org/W2955615582"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Drawing":[1],"a":[2,36,102,129,166,211,248],"tree":[3,156],"consists":[4],"of":[5,11,38,42,68,98,112,131,149,165,201,226],"two":[6,132,216],"stages:":[7],"determining":[8],"the":[9,17,32,43,66,69,78,96,99,110,147,152,162,198,227],"position":[10,197],"each":[12,55],"node,":[13],"and":[14,20,48,51,120,133,184,187,232],"actually":[15],"rendering":[16],"individuals":[18],"nodes":[19,70,150,200],"interconnecting":[21],"branches.":[22],"The":[23,88,205],"algorithm":[24,64,139,193,206,250],"described":[25],"in":[26,91,141,151],"this":[27,116,192,244],"paper":[28],"is":[29,77,106,146],"concerned":[30],"with":[31,82,118,128,247],"first":[33],"stage:":[34],"given":[35],"list":[37],"nodes,":[39],"an":[40],"indication":[41],"hierarchical":[44],"relationship":[45],"among":[46],"them,":[47],"their":[49],"shape":[50],"size,":[52],"where":[53,144],"should":[54],"node":[56,213,230],"be":[57],"positioned":[58,160],"for":[59,71,123],"optimal":[60],"aesthetic":[61],"effect?":[62],"This":[63,138],"determines":[65],"positions":[67,210],"any":[72],"arbitrary":[73],"general":[74,103],"tree.":[75,100,153],"It":[76,218],"most":[79,155],"desirable":[80],"positioning":[81],"respect":[83],"to":[84,196],"certain":[85],"widely\u2010accepted":[86],"heuristics.":[87],"positioning,":[89],"specified":[90],"x,":[92],"y":[93],"co\u2010ordinates,":[94],"minimizes":[95],"width":[97],"In":[101],"tree,":[104,228],"there":[105],"no":[107],"limit":[108,130],"on":[109,239],"number":[111,148],"offspring":[113,135],"per":[114,136],"node;":[115],"contrasts":[117],"binary":[119],"ternary":[121],"trees,":[122],"example,":[124],"which":[125,191,251],"are":[126],"trees":[127,203],"three":[134],"node.":[137],"operates":[140],"time":[142],"O(N),":[143],"N":[145],"Previously,":[154],"drawings":[157],"have":[158,173],"been":[159,174],"by":[161,182],"sure":[163],"hand":[164],"human":[167],"graphic":[168],"designer.":[169],"Many":[170],"computer\u2010generated":[171],"positionings":[172],"either":[175],"trivial":[176],"or":[177],"contained":[178],"irregularities.":[179],"Earlier":[180],"work":[181],"Wetherell":[183],"Shannon":[185],"1":[186],"Tilford,":[188],"2":[189],"upon":[190],"builds,":[194],"failed":[195],"interior":[199],"some":[202],"correctly.":[204],"presented":[207],"here":[208],"correctly":[209],"tree's":[212],"using":[214],"only":[215],"passes.":[217,254],"also":[219,237],"handles":[220],"several":[221],"practical":[222],"considerations:":[223],"alternative":[224],"orientations":[225],"variable":[229],"sizes":[231],"out\u2010of\u2010bounds":[233],"conditions.":[234],"Radack,":[235],"3":[236],"building":[238],"Tilford's":[240],"work,":[241],"has":[242],"solved":[243],"same":[245],"problem":[246],"different":[249],"makes":[252],"four":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
