{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4250172181","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470050118.ecse411","title":"Speculation","display_name":"Speculation","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4250172181","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470050118.ecse411"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/9780470050118.ecse411","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470050118.ecse411","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306534807","display_name":"Wiley Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Engineering","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wiley Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Engineering","raw_type":"other"},"type":"other","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008319090","display_name":"David I. August","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3327-1803"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David I. August","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey","Princeton University Princeton New Jersey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University Princeton New Jersey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108771160","display_name":"Neil Vachharajani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neil Vachharajani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey","Princeton University Princeton New Jersey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University Princeton New Jersey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008319090"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speculation","display_name":"Speculation","score":0.9954642057418823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6973509192466736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.6390799283981323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speculative-execution","display_name":"Speculative execution","score":0.5177154541015625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.48484671115875244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speculative-multithreading","display_name":"Speculative multithreading","score":0.45122140645980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.43453019857406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3223174512386322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.12295600771903992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.07747232913970947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multithreading","display_name":"Multithreading","score":0.0669548511505127}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47941915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107885","display_name":"Speculation","level":2,"score":0.9954642057418823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6973509192466736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6390799283981323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141331961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2164465","display_name":"Speculative execution","level":2,"score":0.5177154541015625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.48484671115875244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15296174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575343","display_name":"Speculative multithreading","level":4,"score":0.45122140645980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.43453019857406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3223174512386322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.12295600771903992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.07747232913970947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201410400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064412","display_name":"Multithreading","level":3,"score":0.0669548511505127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138101251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213092","display_name":"Thread (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/9780470050118.ecse411","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470050118.ecse411","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306534807","display_name":"Wiley Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Engineering","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wiley Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Engineering","raw_type":"other"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1736634110","https://openalex.org/W2037462607","https://openalex.org/W2067452806","https://openalex.org/W2105194472","https://openalex.org/W2113751407","https://openalex.org/W2119786518","https://openalex.org/W2138351227","https://openalex.org/W2296006986","https://openalex.org/W4210823068","https://openalex.org/W4231974904","https://openalex.org/W4245672415","https://openalex.org/W4253048710"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2124112831","https://openalex.org/W4310747513","https://openalex.org/W2107711797","https://openalex.org/W3200493004","https://openalex.org/W2034886984","https://openalex.org/W3012114143","https://openalex.org/W2116170858","https://openalex.org/W1891584596","https://openalex.org/W4308643153","https://openalex.org/W2162464118"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"To":[1],"execute":[2,66],"instructions":[3],"in":[4,38,67],"microprocessors":[5],"efficiently,":[6],"speculation":[7],"is":[8,15,29,35,44,47],"often":[9,95],"employed":[10],"to":[11,24,85],"guess":[12,55,75],"information":[13],"that":[14],"not":[16],"yet":[17],"available.":[18],"Within":[19],"the":[20,26,42,50,54,63,70,74,79,88],"processor,":[21],"execution":[22],"continues":[23],"assume":[25],"speculated":[27],"value":[28,114],"correct.":[30],"The":[31],"true":[32],"value,":[33],"however,":[34],"being":[36],"computed":[37],"parallel,":[39],"and":[40,87,99,116],"when":[41],"computation":[43],"complete,":[45],"it":[46],"compared":[48],"against":[49],"speculative":[51],"value.":[52],"If":[53],"was":[56,76],"correct,":[57],"then":[58],"two":[59],"dependent":[60,89],"parts":[61,91],"of":[62],"program":[64,90],"can":[65,106],"parallel.":[68],"On":[69],"other":[71],"hand,":[72],"if":[73],"wrong":[77],"(misspeculation),":[78],"processor":[80],"must":[81],"take":[82],"appropriate":[83],"steps":[84],"recover,":[86],"are":[92],"executed":[93],"serially,":[94],"with":[96,100],"additional":[97],"delay":[98],"a":[101],"misspeculation":[102],"penalty":[103],".":[104],"Speculation":[105],"be":[107],"categorized":[108],"into":[109],"three":[110],"groups:":[111],"control":[112],"speculation,":[113,115],"data":[117],"access":[118],"speculation.":[119]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}