{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1489590489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470050118.ecse344","title":"Real\u2010Time Systems: An Introduction and the State\u2010of\u2010the\u2010Art","display_name":"Real\u2010Time Systems: An Introduction and the State\u2010of\u2010the\u2010Art","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-03-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1489590489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470050118.ecse344","mag":"1489590489"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/9780470050118.ecse344","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470050118.ecse344","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306534807","display_name":"Wiley Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Engineering","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wiley Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Engineering","raw_type":"other"},"type":"other","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc30845/m2/1/high_res_d/Akl-2008-Real-Time_Systems_An_Introduction.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102732379","display_name":"Krishna Kavi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1581-8166"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Krishna Kavi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Texas, Denton, Texas","university of north texas , Denton, Texas,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Texas, Denton, Texas","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"university of north texas , Denton, Texas,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080296613","display_name":"Robert Akl","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Akl","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Texas, Denton, Texas","university of north texas , Denton, Texas,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Texas, Denton, Texas","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"university of north texas , Denton, Texas,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084254004","display_name":"Ali R. Hurson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9510-0762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20382870","display_name":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00scwqd12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Hurson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri","Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102732379"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2369","last_page":"2377"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9689000248908997,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.7830029726028442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6783069372177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.664790689945221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-control-system","display_name":"Real-time Control System","score":0.6203374862670898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5405141115188599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/situated","display_name":"Situated","score":0.5347079038619995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.477899432182312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4539903402328491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-operating-system","display_name":"Real-time operating system","score":0.4240870475769043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/response-time","display_name":"Response time","score":0.4104493260383606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.3884281814098358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.31672829389572144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16195344924926758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.12622949481010437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.0975823700428009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.0679573118686676}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.7830029726028442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6783069372177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.664790689945221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118974865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7300773","display_name":"Real-time Control System","level":3,"score":0.6203374862670898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5405141115188599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132829578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581151","display_name":"Situated","level":2,"score":0.5347079038619995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.477899432182312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4539903402328491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28472234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213666","display_name":"Real-time operating system","level":2,"score":0.4240870475769043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19012869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578372","display_name":"Response time","level":2,"score":0.4104493260383606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3884281814098358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.31672829389572144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16195344924926758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.12622949481010437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0975823700428009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0679573118686676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/9780470050118.ecse344","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470050118.ecse344","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306534807","display_name":"Wiley Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Engineering","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wiley Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Engineering","raw_type":"other"},{"id":"pmh:info:ark/67531/metadc30845","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc30845/","pdf_url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc30845/m2/1/high_res_d/Akl-2008-Real-Time_Systems_An_Introduction.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400792","display_name":"University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","host_organization_name":"University of North Texas","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Engineering, 2008, Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 2369-2377","raw_type":"Book Chapter"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:info:ark/67531/metadc30845","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc30845/","pdf_url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc30845/m2/1/high_res_d/Akl-2008-Real-Time_Systems_An_Introduction.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400792","display_name":"University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","host_organization_name":"University of North Texas","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Engineering, 2008, Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 2369-2377","raw_type":"Book Chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.5}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1489590489.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1489590489.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W641134421","https://openalex.org/W1540202708","https://openalex.org/W1573956714","https://openalex.org/W1630129538","https://openalex.org/W1840555882","https://openalex.org/W2001959194","https://openalex.org/W2017427614","https://openalex.org/W2042979415","https://openalex.org/W2100175810","https://openalex.org/W2109488193","https://openalex.org/W2117102169","https://openalex.org/W2149058853","https://openalex.org/W2163316275","https://openalex.org/W2164500517","https://openalex.org/W2166440675","https://openalex.org/W2169812457","https://openalex.org/W2170764938","https://openalex.org/W2998594222","https://openalex.org/W3023258080","https://openalex.org/W4251294934"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2143442623","https://openalex.org/W2033620643","https://openalex.org/W1923281899","https://openalex.org/W4321124850","https://openalex.org/W2120765277","https://openalex.org/W2354268007","https://openalex.org/W2538760235","https://openalex.org/W2284944406","https://openalex.org/W2117208971","https://openalex.org/W2364355169"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Real\u2010time":[1,58,80],"systems":[2,59,81],"cover":[3],"a":[4,35],"broad":[5],"spectrum":[6],"of":[7,14],"automated":[8],"platforms":[9],"in":[10,63,68],"which":[11,41],"the":[12,15,77],"correctness":[13],"system":[16,37],"not":[17],"only":[18],"requires":[19],"functionally":[20],"(or":[21],"logical)":[22],"correct":[23],"operation":[24],"but":[25],"also":[26],"produces":[27],"results":[28],"within":[29],"prespecified":[30],"\u201creal\u2010time":[31],"constraints.\u201d":[32],"By":[33],"contrast,":[34],"non\u2013real\u2010time":[36],"is":[38,43,53],"one":[39],"for":[40],"there":[42],"no":[44],"deadline,":[45],"even":[46,56],"if":[47],"fast":[48],"response":[49],"or":[50,55,90],"high":[51],"performance":[52],"desired":[54],"preferred.":[57],"are":[60],"usually":[61],"\u201csituated\u201d":[62],"an":[64],"environment":[65],"and":[66,74,85],"involve":[67],"sensing":[69],"apparatus":[70],"to":[71,76],"detect,":[72],"control,":[73],"adapt":[75],"environmental":[78],"conditions.":[79],"can":[82],"be":[83],"networked":[84],"distributed":[86],"(e.g.,":[87,92],"sensor":[88],"networks)":[89],"embedded":[91],"automotive":[93],"control":[94],"systems,":[95],"cell":[96],"phones).":[97]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}