{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1993385261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/vis.4340060304","title":"<i>N</i>\u2010body spacetime constraints","display_name":"<i>N</i>\u2010body spacetime constraints","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1993385261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/vis.4340060304","mag":"1993385261"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/vis.4340060304","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/vis.4340060304","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81770601","display_name":"The Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation","issn_l":"1049-8907","issn":["1049-8907","1099-1778"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102185920","display_name":"Diane Tang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Diane Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078017171","display_name":"Jacqueline Ngo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Thomas Ngo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interval Research Corporation, 1801-C Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interval Research Corporation, 1801-C Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, U.S.A","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110152408","display_name":"Joe Marks","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159266","display_name":"Mitsubishi Electric (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/053jnhe44","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306287861","https://openalex.org/I4210133125","https://openalex.org/I4210159266"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joe Marks","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc., 201 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A","The work described in this paper was done while JM was at Digital Equipment Corporation's Cambridge Research Lab"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc., 201 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159266"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The work described in this paper was done while JM was at Digital Equipment Corporation's Cambridge Research Lab","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102185920"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8143,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72463876,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"3","first_page":"143","last_page":"154"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12290","display_name":"Human Motion and Animation","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12290","display_name":"Human Motion and Animation","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.98089998960495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7868183851242065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.5140765905380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5082432627677917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion","display_name":"Motion (physics)","score":0.5027742385864258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spacetime","display_name":"Spacetime","score":0.47001340985298157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4676468074321747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-law","display_name":"Physical law","score":0.4594039022922516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse","display_name":"Inverse","score":0.424506813287735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3549997806549072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3440178632736206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3108592629432678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17546960711479187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.13948559761047363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09256762266159058}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7868183851242065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.5140765905380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5082432627677917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5027742385864258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130187892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133327","display_name":"Spacetime","level":2,"score":0.47001340985298157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4676468074321747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194583477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408891","display_name":"Physical law","level":2,"score":0.4594039022922516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207467116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4385666","display_name":"Inverse","level":2,"score":0.424506813287735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3549997806549072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3440178632736206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3108592629432678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17546960711479187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.13948559761047363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09256762266159058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/vis.4340060304","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/vis.4340060304","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81770601","display_name":"The Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation","issn_l":"1049-8907","issn":["1049-8907","1099-1778"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6899999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1497256448","https://openalex.org/W1567738939","https://openalex.org/W1612556207","https://openalex.org/W1871510485","https://openalex.org/W1905847227","https://openalex.org/W1987574258","https://openalex.org/W1999395800","https://openalex.org/W2036416055","https://openalex.org/W2046070174","https://openalex.org/W2075347672","https://openalex.org/W2101779589","https://openalex.org/W2122439897","https://openalex.org/W2127349169","https://openalex.org/W2140066605","https://openalex.org/W2151188148","https://openalex.org/W2151586077","https://openalex.org/W2159418100","https://openalex.org/W2170429598","https://openalex.org/W2245259275","https://openalex.org/W2261054240","https://openalex.org/W2293545866","https://openalex.org/W2462688847","https://openalex.org/W3000650229","https://openalex.org/W3023540311","https://openalex.org/W3149441033","https://openalex.org/W3154759296","https://openalex.org/W4231287919","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2607684300","https://openalex.org/W4365152763","https://openalex.org/W1593857368","https://openalex.org/W2475122512","https://openalex.org/W2083286915","https://openalex.org/W2809995574","https://openalex.org/W4224276867","https://openalex.org/W2048525976","https://openalex.org/W2891531146","https://openalex.org/W2735718299"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Animators":[1],"frequently":[2],"choreograph":[3],"complex":[4],"motions":[5,47],"for":[6],"multiple":[7],"objects":[8],"that":[9,85],"interact":[10],"through":[11],"collision":[12],"and":[13,53,60,100],"obstruction.":[14],"In":[15],"such":[16],"situations,":[17],"the":[18,39,55,89],"use":[19],"of":[20,42,45,88,92],"physically":[21],"based":[22,111],"dynamics":[23],"to":[24,95],"confer":[25],"visual":[26],"realism":[27],"creates":[28],"challenging":[29],"computational":[30],"problems.":[31],"Typically":[32],"forward":[33],"simulation":[34],"is":[35],"well":[36],"understood,":[37],"but":[38,81],"inverse":[40,68],"problem":[41],"motion":[43,98],"synthesis\u2014that":[44],"synthesizing":[46],"consistent":[48],"both":[49],"with":[50,54],"physical":[51],"law":[52],"animator's":[56],"requirements\u2014is":[57],"generally":[58],"tedious":[59],"sometimes":[61],"intractable.":[62],"We":[63,76],"show":[64,101],"how":[65,102],"N":[66,96],"\u2010body":[67,97],"problems":[69],"can":[70,104],"be":[71,105],"formulated":[72],"as":[73],"optimization":[74],"tasks.":[75],"present":[77],"a":[78],"simply":[79],"stated,":[80],"combinatorially":[82],"formidable":[83],"example":[84],"exhibits":[86],"all":[87],"essential":[90],"sources":[91],"complexity":[93],"common":[94],"synthesis,":[99],"it":[103],"solved":[106],"approximately":[107],"using":[108],"heuristic":[109],"methods":[110],"on":[112],"evolutionary":[113],"computation.":[114]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}