{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2050951824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.4380250702","title":"Engineering a hard real\u2010time system: From theory to practice","display_name":"Engineering a hard real\u2010time system: From theory to practice","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2050951824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.4380250702","mag":"2050951824"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/spe.4380250702","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.4380250702","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122199241","display_name":"Software Practice and Experience","issn_l":"0038-0644","issn":["0038-0644","1097-024X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Software: Practice and Experience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049937500","display_name":"Alan Burns","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5621-8816"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A. Burns","raw_affiliation_strings":["Real-time Systems Research Group, Department of Computer Science, University of York, YO1 5DD, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Real-time Systems Research Group, Department of Computer Science, University of York, YO1 5DD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111427364","display_name":"Andy Wellings","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. J. Wellings","raw_affiliation_strings":["Real-time Systems Research Group, Department of Computer Science, University of York, YO1 5DD, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Real-time Systems Research Group, Department of Computer Science, University of York, YO1 5DD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049937500"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"],"apc_list":{"value":4220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4220},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7537,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90394284,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"7","first_page":"705","last_page":"726"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.804275631904602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.6047611832618713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.5053618550300598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5027804374694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-timing-analysis","display_name":"Static timing analysis","score":0.46270114183425903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.45073050260543823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4174090027809143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-engineering","display_name":"Industrial engineering","score":0.35789400339126587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.34852343797683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3274584412574768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.21828624606132507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.19303667545318604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.19137120246887207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.10897955298423767}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.804275631904602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.6047611832618713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5053618550300598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5027804374694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93682380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2025226","display_name":"Static timing analysis","level":2,"score":0.46270114183425903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.45073050260543823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4174090027809143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13736549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4489420","display_name":"Industrial engineering","level":1,"score":0.35789400339126587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.34852343797683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3274584412574768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.21828624606132507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.19303667545318604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.19137120246887207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.10897955298423767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/spe.4380250702","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.4380250702","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122199241","display_name":"Software Practice and Experience","issn_l":"0038-0644","issn":["0038-0644","1097-024X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Software: Practice and Experience","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.13.9673","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.13.9673","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.ubc.ca/local/reading/proceedings/spe91-95/spe/./vol25/issue7/spe962.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W37521853","https://openalex.org/W99246831","https://openalex.org/W113754791","https://openalex.org/W1487868115","https://openalex.org/W1742761237","https://openalex.org/W2003494114","https://openalex.org/W2015717967","https://openalex.org/W2024800288","https://openalex.org/W2034833774","https://openalex.org/W2034941894","https://openalex.org/W2042979415","https://openalex.org/W2044561013","https://openalex.org/W2064207294","https://openalex.org/W2064352669","https://openalex.org/W2071866027","https://openalex.org/W2109488193","https://openalex.org/W2147904999","https://openalex.org/W2160293203","https://openalex.org/W2504509476"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1585007175","https://openalex.org/W2382521049","https://openalex.org/W2144385241","https://openalex.org/W4253593777","https://openalex.org/W2091185677","https://openalex.org/W4200387451","https://openalex.org/W1470192148","https://openalex.org/W2369224372","https://openalex.org/W4388667102","https://openalex.org/W2080035745"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"More":[1],"and":[2,106,128,150],"more":[3],"programmers":[4],"find":[5],"their":[6,20,29],"software":[7],"being":[8],"used":[9,161],"in":[10,36,117,162],"performance":[11],"critical":[12],"applications.":[13],"Unfortunately,":[14],"they":[15,96,158],"have":[16],"limited":[17],"techniques":[18,42,49,71,116],"at":[19],"disposal":[21],"to":[22,55,62],"help":[23],"guarantee":[24],"this":[25],"particular":[26],"aspect":[27],"of":[28,59,78,113,120,165],"programs.":[30],"There":[31],"has":[32],"been":[33],"considerable":[34],"activity":[35],"recent":[37],"years":[38],"on":[39],"developing":[40],"analysis":[41,70,119],"for":[43,85,133,143,148],"hard":[44,67],"real\u2010time":[45,68,167],"systems.":[46,168],"Inevitably":[47],"these":[48,115],"make":[50],"simplifying":[51],"assumptions":[52],"so":[53,156],"as":[54],"reduce":[56],"the":[57,60,75,79,92,99,111,118,126,134,145,153,163],"complexity":[58],"problem":[61],"be":[63,83,160],"solved.":[64],"For":[65],"example":[66],"schedulability":[69],"often":[72],"assume":[73,97],"that":[74,98,157],"timing":[76],"properties":[77],"underlying":[80],"kernel":[81],"can":[82,159],"accounted":[84],"by":[86],"incorporating":[87],"extra":[88],"execution":[89],"time":[90],"into":[91],"application":[93,100],"tasks.":[94],"Furthermore,":[95],"task":[101],"structure":[102],"is":[103],"very":[104],"simple":[105],"uniform.":[107],"This":[108],"paper":[109,138],"considers":[110],"implications":[112],"using":[114],"a":[121,140],"typical":[122],"single":[123],"processor":[124],"application,":[125],"attitude":[127],"orbital":[129],"control":[130],"system":[131],"(AOCS)":[132],"Olympus":[135],"satellite.":[136],"The":[137],"outlines":[139],"common":[141],"approach":[142],"estimating":[144],"response":[146],"times":[147],"tasks,":[149],"then":[151],"extends":[152],"scheduling":[154],"equations":[155],"engineering":[164],"realistic":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
