{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2007815540","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.4380230706","title":"The duality of fault\u2010tolerant system structures","display_name":"The duality of fault\u2010tolerant system structures","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2007815540","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.4380230706","mag":"2007815540"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/spe.4380230706","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.4380230706","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122199241","display_name":"Software Practice and Experience","issn_l":"0038-0644","issn":["0038-0644","1097-024X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Software: Practice and Experience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048511781","display_name":"Santosh Shrivastava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6105-2785"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Santosh K. Shrivastava","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing Science, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing Science, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046905749","display_name":"Luigi V. Mancini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4859-2191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luigi V. Mancini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Informatica e Scienze dell'Informazione, Universita di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Informatica e Scienze dell'Informazione, Universita di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050786463","display_name":"Brian Randell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5863-0107"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Randell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing Science, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing Science, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4220},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8498,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90562266,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"7","first_page":"773","last_page":"798"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dual-polyhedron","display_name":"Dual polyhedron","score":0.8342825770378113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/duality","display_name":"Duality (order theory)","score":0.7205916047096252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.699669599533081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6082829833030701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5430746078491211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5414784550666809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.48161786794662476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dual","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","score":0.45252010226249695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault tolerance","score":0.4455670118331909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.29659855365753174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.27568888664245605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21449851989746094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16508731245994568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pure-mathematics","display_name":"Pure mathematics","score":0.12719404697418213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.0862194299697876}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105313907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053857","display_name":"Dual polyhedron","level":2,"score":0.8342825770378113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778023678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q554403","display_name":"Duality (order theory)","level":2,"score":0.7205916047096252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.699669599533081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6082829833030701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5430746078491211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5414784550666809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.48161786794662476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.45252010226249695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.4455670118331909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.29659855365753174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.27568888664245605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21449851989746094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16508731245994568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.12719404697418213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0862194299697876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/spe.4380230706","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.4380230706","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122199241","display_name":"Software Practice and Experience","issn_l":"0038-0644","issn":["0038-0644","1097-024X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Software: Practice and Experience","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.uniroma1.it:11573/879568","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11573/879568","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196107","display_name":"IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41801118","https://openalex.org/W80054432","https://openalex.org/W193449817","https://openalex.org/W1545155892","https://openalex.org/W1581061488","https://openalex.org/W1968054699","https://openalex.org/W1991199257","https://openalex.org/W1992727670","https://openalex.org/W1993143336","https://openalex.org/W1997422861","https://openalex.org/W2000018901","https://openalex.org/W2009712165","https://openalex.org/W2010486713","https://openalex.org/W2014104232","https://openalex.org/W2031491316","https://openalex.org/W2033223918","https://openalex.org/W2035150708","https://openalex.org/W2044765978","https://openalex.org/W2053282627","https://openalex.org/W2053645394","https://openalex.org/W2069720015","https://openalex.org/W2106887953","https://openalex.org/W2108407576","https://openalex.org/W2123480226","https://openalex.org/W2129360963","https://openalex.org/W2131053137","https://openalex.org/W2133994361","https://openalex.org/W2134104274","https://openalex.org/W2135890534","https://openalex.org/W2142056264","https://openalex.org/W2146516325","https://openalex.org/W2149643100","https://openalex.org/W2150010247","https://openalex.org/W2156325860","https://openalex.org/W2160660811","https://openalex.org/W2162080793","https://openalex.org/W2163772659","https://openalex.org/W2561675875","https://openalex.org/W2922365505","https://openalex.org/W2943431380","https://openalex.org/W2983221956","https://openalex.org/W3035757797","https://openalex.org/W4231364652"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2760715419","https://openalex.org/W2020677672","https://openalex.org/W2793446615","https://openalex.org/W2523699569","https://openalex.org/W4324270384","https://openalex.org/W2171781592","https://openalex.org/W2030099148","https://openalex.org/W2020065878","https://openalex.org/W1984009044","https://openalex.org/W2032341808"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"An":[1],"examination":[2],"of":[3,6,28,72,81,91,104,130],"the":[4,41,47,73,79,92,99,121,128,143],"structure":[5],"fault\u2010tolerant":[7],"systems":[8,64],"incorporating":[9],"backward":[10],"error":[11],"recovery":[12],"indicates":[13],"a":[14,25],"partitioning":[15],"into":[16],"two":[17,100],"broad":[18],"classes.":[19],"Two":[20],"canonical":[21],"models,":[22],"each":[23,105],"representing":[24],"particular":[26],"class":[27],"systems,":[29],"have":[30,124,136],"been":[31,125],"constructed.":[32],"The":[33,95],"first":[34,74],"model":[35,49,75,132],"incorporates":[36],"objects":[37],"and":[38,53,62,68,87,107,110,138],"actions":[39],"as":[40,59],"entities":[42],"for":[43],"program":[44],"construction":[45],"whereas":[46,76],"second":[48,93],"employs":[50],"communicating":[51],"processes":[52],"conversations.":[54],"Applications":[55],"in":[56,70,78,89,142],"areas":[57],"such":[58],"office":[60],"information":[61],"banking":[63],"are":[65,84,102],"typically":[66],"described":[67,86],"built":[69,88],"terms":[71,90],"applications":[77],"area":[80],"process":[82],"control":[83],"usually":[85],"model.":[94,145],"paper":[96],"claims":[97],"that":[98,120,123],"models":[101],"duals":[103,141],"other":[106,144],"presents":[108],"arguments":[109],"examples":[111],"to":[112,135],"substantiate":[113],"this":[114],"claim.":[115],"It":[116],"will":[117],"be":[118],"shown":[119],"techniques":[122],"developed":[126],"within":[127],"context":[129],"one":[131],"turn":[133],"out":[134],"interesting":[137],"hitherto":[139],"unexplored":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
