{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2060635714","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.4380170103","title":"Formatting texts accessed randomly","display_name":"Formatting texts accessed randomly","publication_year":1987,"publication_date":"1987-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2060635714","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.4380170103","mag":"2060635714"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/spe.4380170103","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.4380170103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122199241","display_name":"Software Practice and Experience","issn_l":"0038-0644","issn":["0038-0644","1097-024X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Software: Practice and Experience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103418378","display_name":"John B. Smith","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John B. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108795552","display_name":"Stephen F. Weiss","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen F. Weiss","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"],"apc_list":{"value":4220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4220},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16095158,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":"5","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13523","display_name":"Mathematics, Computing, and Information Processing","score":0.9559000134468079,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9541000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disk-formatting","display_name":"Disk formatting","score":0.9591426849365234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.854965329170227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8453799486160278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar","display_name":"Grammar","score":0.6818349957466125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.6130189299583435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6005363464355469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.5657315254211426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.54148268699646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.5195496678352356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.4596102237701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4591684937477112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.44652536511421204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.11943328380584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07286620140075684}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88006597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690117","display_name":"Disk formatting","level":2,"score":0.9591426849365234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.854965329170227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8453799486160278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.6818349957466125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.6130189299583435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6005363464355469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.5657315254211426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.54148268699646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.5195496678352356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4596102237701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4591684937477112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.44652536511421204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.11943328380584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07286620140075684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/spe.4380170103","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.4380170103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122199241","display_name":"Software Practice and Experience","issn_l":"0038-0644","issn":["0038-0644","1097-024X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Software: Practice and Experience","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.295.42","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.295.42","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.unc.edu/techreports/85-031.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.75}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1491178396","https://openalex.org/W1548459011","https://openalex.org/W2093697831","https://openalex.org/W2169952174","https://openalex.org/W2333150338"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4244466418","https://openalex.org/W2104062382","https://openalex.org/W2162878363","https://openalex.org/W2389021890","https://openalex.org/W3023343521","https://openalex.org/W2146588098","https://openalex.org/W2479325685","https://openalex.org/W3183791698","https://openalex.org/W2480873127","https://openalex.org/W1985727224"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Full\u2010text":[1],"systems":[2],"that":[3,52,97],"access":[4],"text":[5,39],"randomly":[6],"cannot":[7],"normally":[8],"determine":[9],"the":[10,27,31,45,74,82,91,103,116,124,143],"format":[11,28,35,83,130],"operations":[12],"in":[13,33],"effect":[14],"for":[15,96,114,139],"a":[16,34,49,56,61,66,69,106,112,119,126,133,146],"given":[17,120,137],"target":[18],"location.":[19],"The":[20,99],"problem":[21],"can":[22,40,72],"be":[23,42],"solved":[24],"by":[25],"viewing":[26],"marks":[29,84,131],"as":[30,55,60,145],"non\u2010terminals":[32],"grammar.":[36],"A":[37],"formatted":[38],"then":[41],"parsed":[43],"using":[44],"grammar":[46,135],"to":[47,79,89],"build":[48],"data":[50],"structure":[51],"serves":[53],"both":[54],"parse":[57],"tree":[58,76],"and":[59,110,132,141],"search":[62,75],"tree.":[63],"While":[64],"processing":[65],"retrieved":[67],"segment,":[68],"full\u2010text":[70],"system":[71],"follow":[73],"from":[77],"root":[78],"leaf,":[80],"collecting":[81],"encountered":[85],"at":[86],"each":[87],"node":[88],"derive":[90],"sequence":[92],"of":[93,105,118,129],"commands":[94],"active":[95],"segment.":[98],"approach":[100],"also":[101],"supports":[102],"notion":[104],"\u2018well":[107],"formatted\u2019":[108],"document":[109],"provides":[111],"means":[113],"verifying":[115],"well\u2010formedness":[117],"text.":[121,148],"To":[122],"illustrate":[123],"approach,":[125],"sample":[127,134,147],"set":[128],"are":[136],"suitable":[138],"formatting":[140],"parsing":[142],"article":[144]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}