{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1970712452","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.4380070102","title":"Modula: A language for modular multiprogramming","display_name":"Modula: A language for modular multiprogramming","publication_year":1977,"publication_date":"1977-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1970712452","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.4380070102","mag":"1970712452"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/spe.4380070102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.4380070102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122199241","display_name":"Software Practice and Experience","issn_l":"0038-0644","issn":["0038-0644","1097-024X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Software: Practice and Experience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109991476","display_name":"Niklaus Wirth","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799323385","display_name":"Board of the Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01rvn4p91","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"N. Wirth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut fu\u0308r Informatik, Eidgeno\u0308ssische Technische Hochschule, Zu\u0308rich, Switzerland","Institut f\u00fcr Informatik, Eidgen\u00f6ssische Technische Hochschule, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut fu\u0308r Informatik, Eidgeno\u0308ssische Technische Hochschule, Zu\u0308rich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Informatik, Eidgen\u00f6ssische Technische Hochschule, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109991476"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"apc_list":{"value":4220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4220},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":75.6012,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":403,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":1.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"35"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9821000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.9700000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8633139133453369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.7688906192779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pascal","display_name":"Pascal (unit)","score":0.7477729916572571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-multitasking","display_name":"Computer multitasking","score":0.7178816795349121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programmer","display_name":"Programmer","score":0.6788552403450012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.5548077821731567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.5395058989524841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.45968812704086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4222080111503601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.4122391939163208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8633139133453369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.7688906192779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75608658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44395","display_name":"Pascal (unit)","level":2,"score":0.7477729916572571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154556556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192969","display_name":"Computer multitasking","level":2,"score":0.7178816795349121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778514511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1374194","display_name":"Programmer","level":2,"score":0.6788552403450012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.5548077821731567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.5395058989524841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.45968812704086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4222080111503601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.4122391939163208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/spe.4380070102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.4380070102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122199241","display_name":"Software Practice and Experience","issn_l":"0038-0644","issn":["0038-0644","1097-024X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Software: Practice and Experience","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1562161142","https://openalex.org/W1855301476","https://openalex.org/W2080133536","https://openalex.org/W2131791649","https://openalex.org/W2241732717","https://openalex.org/W2610798843","https://openalex.org/W2792939069","https://openalex.org/W4230119723"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2379153735","https://openalex.org/W2046172023","https://openalex.org/W2972896947","https://openalex.org/W2170146914","https://openalex.org/W2355105570","https://openalex.org/W2047375041","https://openalex.org/W4247945102","https://openalex.org/W2086777955","https://openalex.org/W1028079641","https://openalex.org/W2037535956"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"paper":[2,102],"defines":[3],"a":[4,40,47,93],"language":[5,25],"called":[6],"Modula,":[7],"which":[8],"is":[9,26,46],"intended":[10],"primarily":[11],"for":[12],"programming":[13],"dedicated":[14],"computer":[15],"systems,":[16],"including":[17],"process":[18],"control":[19,60],"systems":[20],"on":[21,29],"smaller":[22],"machines.":[23],"The":[24],"largely":[27],"based":[28],"Pascal,":[30],"but":[31],"in":[32,100],"addition":[33],"to":[34,70,104],"conventional":[35],"block":[36],"structure":[37],"it":[38],"introduces":[39],"so\u2010called":[41],"module":[42,45],"structure.":[43],"A":[44],"set":[48],"of":[49,89],"procedures,":[50],"data":[51],"types":[52],"and":[53,68,82],"variables,":[54],"where":[55],"the":[56,62,71,87,105],"programmer":[57],"has":[58],"precise":[59],"over":[61],"names":[63],"that":[64,91],"are":[65],"imported":[66],"from":[67],"exported":[69],"environment.":[72],"Modula":[73],"includes":[74],"general":[75],"multiprocessing":[76],"facilities,":[77],"namely":[78],"processes,":[79],"interface":[80],"modules":[81],"signals.":[83],"It":[84],"also":[85],"allows":[86],"specification":[88],"facilities":[90],"represent":[92],"computer's":[94],"specific":[95],"peripheral":[96],"devices.":[97],"Those":[98],"given":[99],"this":[101],"pertain":[103],"PDP\u201011.":[106]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
