{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1971136680","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/scj.4690270907","title":"Thresholding methods considering the quantization error of an image","display_name":"Thresholding methods considering the quantization error of an image","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1971136680","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/scj.4690270907","mag":"1971136680"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/scj.4690270907","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/scj.4690270907","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58208175","display_name":"Systems and Computers in Japan","issn_l":"0882-1666","issn":["0882-1666","1520-684X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems and Computers in Japan","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030535838","display_name":"Iwao Sekita","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122879082","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122879082"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197604219","display_name":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02eq2w707","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197604219"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132238960","display_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","ror":"https://ror.org/01n002310","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132238960"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iwao Sekita","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrotechnical Laboratory, Tsukuba, Japan 305","Iwao Sekita: received his B.E., M.E. and Dr. of Eng. degrees from University of Tsukuba, Japan, in 1983,1985 and 1988, respectively. He has been at the Electrotechnical Laboratory of MITI since 1988. He was a Visiting Research Scientist at the Institute of Information Technology, National Research Council of Canada from 1992 to 1993. His research interests include pattern recognition, multivariate analysis and signal processing. Dr. Sekita is a member of the Behaviormetric society of Japan; AVIRG, and IEEE","Iwao Sekita:  received his B.E., M.E. and Dr. of Eng. degrees from University of Tsukuba, Japan, in 1983,1985 and 1988, respectively. He has been at the Electrotechnical Laboratory of MITI since 1988. He was a Visiting Research Scientist at the Institute of Information Technology, National Research Council of Canada from 1992 to 1993. His research interests include pattern recognition, multivariate analysis and signal processing. Dr. Sekita is a member of the Behaviormetric society of Japan","AVIRG, and IEEE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrotechnical Laboratory, Tsukuba, Japan 305","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Iwao Sekita: received his B.E., M.E. and Dr. of Eng. degrees from University of Tsukuba, Japan, in 1983,1985 and 1988, respectively. He has been at the Electrotechnical Laboratory of MITI since 1988. He was a Visiting Research Scientist at the Institute of Information Technology, National Research Council of Canada from 1992 to 1993. His research interests include pattern recognition, multivariate analysis and signal processing. Dr. Sekita is a member of the Behaviormetric society of Japan; AVIRG, and IEEE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122879082"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Iwao Sekita:  received his B.E., M.E. and Dr. of Eng. degrees from University of Tsukuba, Japan, in 1983,1985 and 1988, respectively. He has been at the Electrotechnical Laboratory of MITI since 1988. He was a Visiting Research Scientist at the Institute of Information Technology, National Research Council of Canada from 1992 to 1993. His research interests include pattern recognition, multivariate analysis and signal processing. Dr. Sekita is a member of the Behaviormetric society of Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197604219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"AVIRG, and IEEE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132238960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086456461","display_name":"Takio Kurita","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3982-6750"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122879082","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122879082"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132238960","display_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","ror":"https://ror.org/01n002310","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132238960"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387930200","display_name":"Information Processing Society of Japan","ror":"https://ror.org/02v970d04","country_code":null,"type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387930200"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takio Kurita","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrotechnical Laboratory, Tsukuba, Japan 305","Takio Kurita: received his B.A. degree in Electronics Engineering from Nagoya Institute of Technology in 1981 and his Ph.D. degree from University of Tsukuba in 1993. Since 1981 he has been in Electrotechnical Laboratory. From 1990 to 1991 he was a Visiting Research Scientist at the Institute for Information Technology, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada. His current research interests include multivariate analysis methods and their applications. Dr. Kurita is a member of Information Processing society of Japan; The Behaviormetric society of Japan; and the IEEE","The Behaviormetric society of Japan","Takio Kurita:  received his B.A. degree in Electronics Engineering from Nagoya Institute of Technology in 1981 and his Ph.D. degree from University of Tsukuba in 1993. Since 1981 he has been in Electrotechnical Laboratory. From 1990 to 1991 he was a Visiting Research Scientist at the Institute for Information Technology, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada. His current research interests include multivariate analysis methods and their applications. Dr. Kurita is a member of Information Processing society of Japan","the IEEE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrotechnical Laboratory, Tsukuba, Japan 305","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Takio Kurita: received his B.A. degree in Electronics Engineering from Nagoya Institute of Technology in 1981 and his Ph.D. degree from University of Tsukuba in 1993. Since 1981 he has been in Electrotechnical Laboratory. From 1990 to 1991 he was a Visiting Research Scientist at the Institute for Information Technology, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada. His current research interests include multivariate analysis methods and their applications. Dr. Kurita is a member of Information Processing society of Japan; The Behaviormetric society of Japan; and the IEEE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122879082"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Behaviormetric society of Japan","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Takio Kurita:  received his B.A. degree in Electronics Engineering from Nagoya Institute of Technology in 1981 and his Ph.D. degree from University of Tsukuba in 1993. Since 1981 he has been in Electrotechnical Laboratory. From 1990 to 1991 he was a Visiting Research Scientist at the Institute for Information Technology, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada. His current research interests include multivariate analysis methods and their applications. Dr. Kurita is a member of Information Processing society of Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387930200"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"the IEEE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132238960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112431155","display_name":"Nobuyuki Otsu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122879082","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122879082"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47282705","display_name":"China Classification Society","ror":"https://ror.org/059s6j071","country_code":"CN","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47282705"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89847497","display_name":"Innospec (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04kz0fx24","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89847497"]}],"countries":["CA","CN","JP","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nobuyuki Otsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrotechnical Laboratory, Tsukuba, Japan 305","Nobuyuki Otsu: received his B. Eng., M. Eng., and Dr. of Eng. degrees in Mathematical Engineering from the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, in 1%9, 1971 and 1981, respectively. Since 1971 he has ben with the Electrotechnical Laboratory, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, MITI, Japan. From 1982 to 1983 he was a Visiting Research Scientist at the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada. Since 1985 he has been Section Chief, Mathematical Informatics Section, Information Science Division, and since 1991, the Director of the Machine Understanding Division. His main research interests are theoretical aspects of pattern recognition, image processing, and multivariate data analysis. Dr. Otsu is a member of the IEICE; the Behaviormetric Science society; the Classification society; and the INNS of Japan","the Classification society","Nobuyuki Otsu:  received his B. Eng., M. Eng., and Dr. of Eng. degrees in Mathematical Engineering from the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, in 1%9, 1971 and 1981, respectively. Since 1971 he has ben with the Electrotechnical Laboratory, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, MITI, Japan. From 1982 to 1983 he was a Visiting Research Scientist at the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada. Since 1985 he has been Section Chief, Mathematical Informatics Section, Information Science Division, and since 1991, the Director of the Machine Understanding Division. His main research interests are theoretical aspects of pattern recognition, image processing, and multivariate data analysis. Dr. Otsu is a member of the IEICE","the Behaviormetric Science society","the INNS of Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrotechnical Laboratory, Tsukuba, Japan 305","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nobuyuki Otsu: received his B. Eng., M. Eng., and Dr. of Eng. degrees in Mathematical Engineering from the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, in 1%9, 1971 and 1981, respectively. Since 1971 he has ben with the Electrotechnical Laboratory, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, MITI, Japan. From 1982 to 1983 he was a Visiting Research Scientist at the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada. Since 1985 he has been Section Chief, Mathematical Informatics Section, Information Science Division, and since 1991, the Director of the Machine Understanding Division. His main research interests are theoretical aspects of pattern recognition, image processing, and multivariate data analysis. Dr. Otsu is a member of the IEICE; the Behaviormetric Science society; the Classification society; and the INNS of Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122879082"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"the Classification society","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47282705"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nobuyuki Otsu:  received his B. Eng., M. Eng., and Dr. of Eng. degrees in Mathematical Engineering from the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, in 1%9, 1971 and 1981, respectively. Since 1971 he has ben with the Electrotechnical Laboratory, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, MITI, Japan. From 1982 to 1983 he was a Visiting Research Scientist at the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada. Since 1985 he has been Section Chief, Mathematical Informatics Section, Information Science Division, and since 1991, the Director of the Machine Understanding Division. His main research interests are theoretical aspects of pattern recognition, image processing, and multivariate data analysis. Dr. Otsu is a member of the IEICE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"the Behaviormetric Science society","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"the INNS of Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89847497"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085828837","display_name":"Nabih N. Abdelmalek","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145487455","display_name":"Cairo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q21mh05","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nabih N. Abdelmalek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nabih Nessim Abdelmalek: received his B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering in 1951 and his B.S. degree in Mathematics in 1954, both from Cairo University, Egypt, and his Ph.D. degree in Theoretical Nuclear Physics in 1958 from Manchester University, U.K. After 7 years in the Department of Mathematics on the Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, he moved to Canada, and became a member of the scientific staff at Bell Northern Research in Ottawa. After a period of 2 years he joined the National Research Council of Canada, in Ottawa. His current interest is the application of numerical analysis techniques to the problem of image processing, particularly image enhancement and restoration, data compression, pattern classification, parameter estimation and 3D robot vision","Ottawa, Ontario, Canada","Nabih Nessim Abdelmalek:  received his B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering in 1951 and his B.S. degree in Mathematics in 1954, both from Cairo University, Egypt, and his Ph.D. degree in Theoretical Nuclear Physics in 1958 from Manchester University, U.K. After 7 years in the Department of Mathematics on the Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, he moved to Canada, and became a member of the scientific staff at Bell Northern Research in Ottawa. After a period of 2 years he joined the National Research Council of Canada, in Ottawa. His current interest is the application of numerical analysis techniques to the problem of image processing, particularly image enhancement and restoration, data compression, pattern classification, parameter estimation and 3D robot vision"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nabih Nessim Abdelmalek: received his B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering in 1951 and his B.S. degree in Mathematics in 1954, both from Cairo University, Egypt, and his Ph.D. degree in Theoretical Nuclear Physics in 1958 from Manchester University, U.K. After 7 years in the Department of Mathematics on the Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, he moved to Canada, and became a member of the scientific staff at Bell Northern Research in Ottawa. After a period of 2 years he joined the National Research Council of Canada, in Ottawa. His current interest is the application of numerical analysis techniques to the problem of image processing, particularly image enhancement and restoration, data compression, pattern classification, parameter estimation and 3D robot vision","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ottawa, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nabih Nessim Abdelmalek:  received his B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering in 1951 and his B.S. degree in Mathematics in 1954, both from Cairo University, Egypt, and his Ph.D. degree in Theoretical Nuclear Physics in 1958 from Manchester University, U.K. After 7 years in the Department of Mathematics on the Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, he moved to Canada, and became a member of the scientific staff at Bell Northern Research in Ottawa. After a period of 2 years he joined the National Research Council of Canada, in Ottawa. His current interest is the application of numerical analysis techniques to the problem of image processing, particularly image enhancement and restoration, data compression, pattern classification, parameter estimation and 3D robot vision","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.10108638,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"9","first_page":"63","last_page":"71"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thresholding","display_name":"Thresholding","score":0.9136979579925537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/piecewise","display_name":"Piecewise","score":0.8023808002471924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6200207471847534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.592739999294281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/balanced-histogram-thresholding","display_name":"Balanced histogram thresholding","score":0.5489535331726074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.5469685792922974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5439751744270325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5090022087097168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","score":0.5040296912193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4936541020870209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.49292945861816406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4851146936416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.45572417974472046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principle-of-maximum-entropy","display_name":"Principle of maximum entropy","score":0.44244617223739624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gray-level","display_name":"Gray level","score":0.41351762413978577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4068971872329712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.325503408908844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.32339033484458923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.2558134198188782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.0640154480934143}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.9136979579925537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164660894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2037833","display_name":"Piecewise","level":2,"score":0.8023808002471924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6200207471847534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.592739999294281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202577368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2576067","display_name":"Balanced histogram thresholding","level":5,"score":0.5489535331726074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.5469685792922974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5439751744270325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5090022087097168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.5040296912193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4936541020870209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.49292945861816406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4851146936416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.45572417974472046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9679016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417473","display_name":"Principle of maximum entropy","level":2,"score":0.44244617223739624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985861186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685727","display_name":"Gray level","level":3,"score":0.41351762413978577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4068971872329712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.325503408908844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.32339033484458923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.2558134198188782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0640154480934143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136943445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1970240","display_name":"Histogram equalization","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/scj.4690270907","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/scj.4690270907","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58208175","display_name":"Systems and Computers in Japan","issn_l":"0882-1666","issn":["0882-1666","1520-684X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems and Computers in Japan","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970800786","https://openalex.org/W1994734383","https://openalex.org/W2006218390","https://openalex.org/W2021511865","https://openalex.org/W2025921931","https://openalex.org/W2027091505","https://openalex.org/W2035897321","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2103607542","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2567436235"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990592446","https://openalex.org/W2032558130","https://openalex.org/W2353864504","https://openalex.org/W2750730210","https://openalex.org/W2461888822","https://openalex.org/W2113070050","https://openalex.org/W2387104004","https://openalex.org/W4248730019","https://openalex.org/W2147223569","https://openalex.org/W1629141277"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Thresholding":[1],"techniques":[2],"are":[3,23],"fundamental":[4],"for":[5],"region":[6],"segmentation":[7],"of":[8,28,40,76],"a":[9,26,43,52,56],"gray":[10,20],"level":[11],"image.":[12],"It":[13],"is":[14],"often":[15],"realistic":[16],"to":[17,25],"assume":[18],"that":[19],"pixel":[21],"levels":[22],"subject":[24],"mixture":[27],"normal":[29],"distributions.":[30],"This":[31,65],"paper":[32],"points":[33],"out":[34],"problems":[35,49],"caused":[36],"by":[37,50],"the":[38,48,61,74,77],"underestimation":[39],"variances":[41],"from":[42],"frequency":[44,53],"distribution":[45,54,58],"and":[46],"solves":[47],"transforming":[51],"into":[55],"piecewise\u2010continuous":[57],"based":[59],"on":[60],"maximum":[62],"entropy":[63],"criterion.":[64],"transformation":[66],"improves":[67],"conventional":[68],"thresholding":[69],"techniques.":[70],"Experimental":[71],"results":[72],"showed":[73],"effectiveness":[75],"transformation.":[78]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T09:21:30.201066","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}