{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1989522931","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/scj.4690231209","title":"Advanced explanation capabilities for intelligent tutoring systems: The explanation structure model (EXSEL)","display_name":"Advanced explanation capabilities for intelligent tutoring systems: The explanation structure model (EXSEL)","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1989522931","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/scj.4690231209","mag":"1989522931"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/scj.4690231209","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/scj.4690231209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58208175","display_name":"Systems and Computers in Japan","issn_l":"0882-1666","issn":["0882-1666","1520-684X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems and Computers in Japan","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018178814","display_name":"Akihiro Kashihara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7665-3900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802406489","display_name":"Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society","ror":"https://ror.org/00zv0wd17","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802406489"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138169","display_name":"Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03r38cy24","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138169"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387930200","display_name":"Information Processing Society of Japan","ror":"https://ror.org/02v970d04","country_code":null,"type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387930200"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I922474255","display_name":"Tokushima University","ror":"https://ror.org/044vy1d05","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I922474255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akihiro Kashihara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Akihiro Kashihara.: Education: Tokushima University, B.S. (1987), M.S. (1989); Osaka University, D.Eng. (1992). Academic appointment: Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, research associate (1992). Research interests: intelligent tutoring systems, intelligent interfaces, program understanding. Memberships: IEICEJ; Information Processing Society of Japan; Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence; and Japan Society for CAI","The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Japan 567","Japan Society for CAI","Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence","Information Processing Society of Japan","Osaka University, D.Eng. (1992). Academic appointment: Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, research associate (1992). Research interests: intelligent tutoring systems, intelligent interfaces, program understanding. Memberships: IEICEJ","Akihiro Kashihara.:  Education: Tokushima University, B.S. (1987), M.S. (1989)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Akihiro Kashihara.: Education: Tokushima University, B.S. (1987), M.S. (1989); Osaka University, D.Eng. (1992). Academic appointment: Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, research associate (1992). Research interests: intelligent tutoring systems, intelligent interfaces, program understanding. Memberships: IEICEJ; Information Processing Society of Japan; Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence; and Japan Society for CAI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802406489"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Japan 567","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138169","https://openalex.org/I98285908"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Japan Society for CAI","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Processing Society of Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387930200"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Osaka University, D.Eng. (1992). Academic appointment: Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, research associate (1992). Research interests: intelligent tutoring systems, intelligent interfaces, program understanding. Memberships: IEICEJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Akihiro Kashihara.:  Education: Tokushima University, B.S. (1987), M.S. (1989)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I922474255"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063896943","display_name":"Tsukasa Hirashima","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7941-4131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205924995","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466","country_code":"JP","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319490839","https://openalex.org/I205924995"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122106","display_name":"National Institute for Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02k7stp33","country_code":"SK","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122106"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138169","display_name":"Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03r38cy24","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138169"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164862","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p590m36","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387930200","display_name":"Information Processing Society of Japan","ror":"https://ror.org/02v970d04","country_code":null,"type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387930200"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["CA","JP","SK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tsukasa Hirashima","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Japan 567","Tsukasa Hirashima.: Education: Osaka University, B.S. (1985), D.Eng. (1991). Academic appointment: Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, assistant (1991). Research interests: artificial intelligence, intelligent tutoring systems. Memberships: Information Processing Society of Japan; Japan Society for Artificial Intelligence; Educational Engineering Society","Educational Engineering Society","Japan Society for Artificial Intelligence","Tsukasa Hirashima.:  Education: Osaka University, B.S. (1985), D.Eng. (1991). Academic appointment: Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, assistant (1991). Research interests: artificial intelligence, intelligent tutoring systems. Memberships: Information Processing Society of Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Japan 567","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138169","https://openalex.org/I98285908"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsukasa Hirashima.: Education: Osaka University, B.S. (1985), D.Eng. (1991). Academic appointment: Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, assistant (1991). Research interests: artificial intelligence, intelligent tutoring systems. Memberships: Information Processing Society of Japan; Japan Society for Artificial Intelligence; Educational Engineering Society","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Educational Engineering Society","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122106"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Japan Society for Artificial Intelligence","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205924995"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsukasa Hirashima.:  Education: Osaka University, B.S. (1985), D.Eng. (1991). Academic appointment: Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, assistant (1991). Research interests: artificial intelligence, intelligent tutoring systems. Memberships: Information Processing Society of Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908","https://openalex.org/I4387930200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110409610","display_name":"Junichi Toyoda","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138169","display_name":"Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03r38cy24","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138169"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158188","display_name":"Japan Society","ror":"https://ror.org/05191c058","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158188"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun'ichi Toyoda","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Japan 567","Yuichi Nakamura.: Education: Osaka University, B.S. (1985), D.Eng. (1990). Industrial position: Tokyo Research Laboratory, IBM Japan. Research interests: intelligent tutoring systems, expert systems design methodology, knowledge bose design. Memberships: Information ProcesSing Society of Japan, Japan Society for Artificial Intelligence","Yuichi Nakamura.:  Education: Osaka University, B.S. (1985), D.Eng. (1990). Industrial position: Tokyo Research Laboratory, IBM Japan. Research interests: intelligent tutoring systems, expert systems design methodology, knowledge bose design. Memberships: Information ProcesSing Society of Japan, Japan Society for Artificial Intelligence"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Japan 567","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138169","https://openalex.org/I98285908"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yuichi Nakamura.: Education: Osaka University, B.S. (1985), D.Eng. (1990). Industrial position: Tokyo Research Laboratory, IBM Japan. Research interests: intelligent tutoring systems, expert systems design methodology, knowledge bose design. Memberships: Information ProcesSing Society of Japan, Japan Society for Artificial Intelligence","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158188"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yuichi Nakamura.:  Education: Osaka University, B.S. (1985), D.Eng. (1990). Industrial position: Tokyo Research Laboratory, IBM Japan. Research interests: intelligent tutoring systems, expert systems design methodology, knowledge bose design. Memberships: Information ProcesSing Society of Japan, Japan Society for Artificial Intelligence","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158188"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101880156","display_name":"Yuichi Nakamura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3710-0534"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145865","display_name":"IBM Research - Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/04915qk43","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210145865"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158188","display_name":"Japan Society","ror":"https://ror.org/05191c058","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158188"]}],"countries":["JP","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuichi Nakamura","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Tokyo Research Laboratory, IBM Japan, Tokyo, Japan 102","Yuichi Nakamura.: Education: Osaka University, B.S. (1985), D.Eng. (1990). Industrial position: Tokyo Research Laboratory, IBM Japan. Research interests: intelligent tutoring systems, expert systems design methodology, knowledge base design. Memberships: Information Processing Society of Japan, Japan Society for Artificial Intelligence","Yuichi Nakamura.:  Education: Osaka University, B.S. (1985), D.Eng. (1990). Industrial position: Tokyo Research Laboratory, IBM Japan. Research interests: intelligent tutoring systems, expert systems design methodology, knowledge base design. Memberships: Information Processing Society of Japan, Japan Society for Artificial Intelligence"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Tokyo Research Laboratory, IBM Japan, Tokyo, Japan 102","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145865"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yuichi Nakamura.: Education: Osaka University, B.S. (1985), D.Eng. (1990). Industrial position: Tokyo Research Laboratory, IBM Japan. Research interests: intelligent tutoring systems, expert systems design methodology, knowledge base design. Memberships: Information Processing Society of Japan, Japan Society for Artificial Intelligence","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158188"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yuichi Nakamura.:  Education: Osaka University, B.S. (1985), D.Eng. (1990). Industrial position: Tokyo Research Laboratory, IBM Japan. Research interests: intelligent tutoring systems, expert systems design methodology, knowledge base design. Memberships: Information Processing Society of Japan, Japan Society for Artificial Intelligence","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158188"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5583,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72404953,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"12","first_page":"93","last_page":"107"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9742000102996826,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8260651230812073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstraction","display_name":"Abstraction","score":0.7522685527801514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.7428569793701172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.6164078712463379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.5624041557312012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.534375011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.5237604975700378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5169215202331543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-tutoring-system","display_name":"Intelligent tutoring system","score":0.49939465522766113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4742518961429596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.45574426651000977}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8260651230812073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.7522685527801514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.7428569793701172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6164078712463379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5624041557312012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.534375011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.5237604975700378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5169215202331543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779336797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3055492","display_name":"Intelligent tutoring system","level":2,"score":0.49939465522766113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4742518961429596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.45574426651000977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/scj.4690231209","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/scj.4690231209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58208175","display_name":"Systems and Computers in Japan","issn_l":"0882-1666","issn":["0882-1666","1520-684X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems and Computers in Japan","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6600000262260437,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1773440208","https://openalex.org/W1983302107","https://openalex.org/W1992688793","https://openalex.org/W2015800079","https://openalex.org/W2075028344","https://openalex.org/W2106969952","https://openalex.org/W2549755291","https://openalex.org/W3061012936"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045155990","https://openalex.org/W4313163053","https://openalex.org/W3045811229","https://openalex.org/W4300973204","https://openalex.org/W1483408780","https://openalex.org/W4284884309","https://openalex.org/W2908749798","https://openalex.org/W4243842598","https://openalex.org/W2105980483","https://openalex.org/W1514435881"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"paper":[2,94],"introduces":[3],"an":[4,29,136],"advanced":[5],"explanation":[6,40,122,137,146],"capability":[7,70],"for":[8],"the":[9,39,59,62,78,89,112,121,163,172,184,195],"intelligent":[10],"tutoring":[11,56,79,118,191],"system":[12],"(ITS)":[13],"to":[14,45,54,87,134,156,171,186,190,201,205],"assist":[15],"students":[16],"in":[17,34,58,150],"understanding":[18,97,115],"objects":[19,173],"such":[20,68,193],"as":[21,116,142,194],"electric":[22],"circuits":[23],"designed":[24,149],"by":[25,98,110],"humans.":[26],"In":[27],"general,":[28],"object":[30,96,105,114,161,208],"can":[31],"be":[32],"explained":[33],"various":[35,203],"ways.":[36],"To":[37],"advance":[38],"capability,":[41],"it":[42,198],"is":[43,128,140,148,199],"necessary":[44],"clarify":[46],"how":[47],"these":[48],"explanations":[49,75,109,166],"are":[50,169],"used":[51],"properly":[52],"according":[53,189],"some":[55],"goals":[57],"domain.":[60],"Moreover,":[61],"design":[63],"of":[64,74,84,145,153,160,165],"ITS":[65],"based":[66,76],"on":[67,77],"a":[69,85,117,132,143],"requires:":[71],"(1)":[72],"classification":[73,164],"goals,":[80],"and":[81,104,107,147,167,181],"(2)":[82],"development":[83],"facility":[86],"generate":[88,135],"classified":[90],"explanations.":[91],"First,":[92],"this":[93],"defines":[95],"using":[99],"two":[100],"concepts,":[101],"i.e.,":[102],"viewpoint":[103],"model,":[106],"classifies":[108],"regarding":[111],"defined":[113],"goal.":[119],"Next,":[120],"facility,":[123],"Explanation":[124],"Structure":[125],"model":[126],"(EXSEL)":[127],"proposed.":[129],"EXSEL":[130,168,188],"has":[131],"mechanism":[133],"structure":[138],"that":[139],"regarded":[141],"resource":[144],"due":[151],"consideration":[152],"being":[154],"applied":[155],"ITS.":[157],"The":[158],"definition":[159],"understanding,":[162,197],"applicable":[170],"explainable":[174],"at":[175],"three":[176],"abstraction":[177],"levels:":[178],"structure,":[179],"behavior,":[180],"function.":[182],"Providing":[183],"mechanisms":[185],"operate":[187],"requisites":[192],"student's":[196],"possible":[200],"realize":[202],"ITSs":[204],"support":[206],"greatly":[207],"understanding.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-22T06:23:43.705686","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}