{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2041598630","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/scj.4690231204","title":"Space interface device for artificial reality\u2014SPIDAR","display_name":"Space interface device for artificial reality\u2014SPIDAR","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2041598630","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/scj.4690231204","mag":"2041598630"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/scj.4690231204","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/scj.4690231204","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58208175","display_name":"Systems and Computers in Japan","issn_l":"0882-1666","issn":["0882-1666","1520-684X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems and Computers in Japan","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036636453","display_name":"Makoto Sato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0576-8265"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["JP","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Makoto Sato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Makoto Sato:  graduated in 1973 from the Dept. of Electrophys., Fac. Eng., Tokyo Institute of Technology, where he obtained a Dr. of Eng. degree in 1978 and became an Assistant on the Fac. Eng. He became an Assoc. Prof. in 1986 in the Prec. Intel. Lab., Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is engaged in research on pattern recognition and image processing. He is a member of the Inf. Proc. Soc. Jap.; TV Soc. Jap.; Soc. Artif. Intel.; and Soc. Imag. Elect","Precision and Intelligent Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan 227","Soc. Imag. Elect","TV Soc. Jap","Makoto Sato:  graduated in 1973 from the Dept. of Electrophys., Fac. Eng., Tokyo Institute of Technology, where he obtained a Dr. of Eng. degree in 1978 and became an Assistant on the Fac. Eng. He became an Assoc. Prof. in 1986 in the Prec. Intel. Lab., Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is engaged in research on pattern recognition and image processing. He is a member of the Inf. Proc. Soc. Jap","Soc. Artif. Intel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Makoto Sato:  graduated in 1973 from the Dept. of Electrophys., Fac. Eng., Tokyo Institute of Technology, where he obtained a Dr. of Eng. degree in 1978 and became an Assistant on the Fac. Eng. He became an Assoc. Prof. in 1986 in the Prec. Intel. Lab., Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is engaged in research on pattern recognition and image processing. He is a member of the Inf. Proc. Soc. Jap.; TV Soc. Jap.; Soc. Artif. Intel.; and Soc. Imag. Elect","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Precision and Intelligent Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan 227","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Soc. Imag. Elect","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"TV Soc. Jap","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Makoto Sato:  graduated in 1973 from the Dept. of Electrophys., Fac. Eng., Tokyo Institute of Technology, where he obtained a Dr. of Eng. degree in 1978 and became an Assistant on the Fac. Eng. He became an Assoc. Prof. in 1986 in the Prec. Intel. Lab., Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is engaged in research on pattern recognition and image processing. He is a member of the Inf. Proc. Soc. Jap","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Soc. Artif. Intel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009252079","display_name":"Yukihiro Hirata","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yukihiro Hirata","raw_affiliation_strings":["Precision and Intelligent Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan 227","Yukihiro Hirata:  graduated in 1986 from the Dept. of Electrophys., Fac. Eng., Tokyo Institute of Technology, where he obtained a Master's degree in 1988 and is presently in the doctoral program. He is engaged in research on human interface"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Precision and Intelligent Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan 227","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yukihiro Hirata:  graduated in 1986 from the Dept. of Electrophys., Fac. Eng., Tokyo Institute of Technology, where he obtained a Master's degree in 1988 and is presently in the doctoral program. He is engaged in research on human interface","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059085489","display_name":"Hiroshi Kawarada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-4265"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroshi Kawarada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hid Kawarada graduated in 1962 fiom the Dept. of Electrical Eng., Fac. Eng., Tokyo Institute of Technology, where he obtained a Dt. of Eng. degree in 1967 and became an Assistant in the Prec. Intel. Lab. He is engaged in research on digital operation processing and character/speech recognition. Presently, he is a Prof. Prec. Intel. Lab","Precision and Intelligent Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan 227"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hid Kawarada graduated in 1962 fiom the Dept. of Electrical Eng., Fac. Eng., Tokyo Institute of Technology, where he obtained a Dt. of Eng. degree in 1967 and became an Assistant in the Prec. Intel. Lab. He is engaged in research on digital operation processing and character/speech recognition. Presently, he is a Prof. Prec. Intel. Lab","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Precision and Intelligent Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan 227","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036636453"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698","https://openalex.org/I1343180700"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6935,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":63,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88708905,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"12","first_page":"44","last_page":"54"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11687","display_name":"Teleoperation and Haptic Systems","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11687","display_name":"Teleoperation and Haptic Systems","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.961899995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9607999920845032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7513068914413452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.7415499687194824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.6862834095954895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.6572026610374451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.5809270143508911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5790392160415649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-reality","display_name":"Artificial reality","score":0.5448886752128601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-image","display_name":"Virtual image","score":0.5349280834197998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-work","display_name":"Virtual work","score":0.5233242511749268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-interface-device","display_name":"Human interface device","score":0.5136784911155701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-space","display_name":"Virtual space","score":0.4931420683860779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/haptic-technology","display_name":"Haptic technology","score":0.4808383882045746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.4429456889629364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.4410174489021301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-machine","display_name":"Virtual machine","score":0.4405933618545532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work-space","display_name":"Work space","score":0.4256134033203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.39302870631217957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3810881972312927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixed-reality","display_name":"Mixed reality","score":0.3197838068008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-mediated-reality","display_name":"Computer-mediated reality","score":0.23974111676216125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09345078468322754}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7513068914413452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.7415499687194824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.6862834095954895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.6572026610374451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.5809270143508911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5790392160415649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8678698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4801094","display_name":"Artificial reality","level":5,"score":0.5448886752128601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51970089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44415","display_name":"Virtual image","level":2,"score":0.5349280834197998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136560751","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1144923","display_name":"Virtual work","level":3,"score":0.5233242511749268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101749295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1348085","display_name":"Human interface device","level":2,"score":0.5136784911155701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985021205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual space","level":2,"score":0.4931420683860779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152086174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030571","display_name":"Haptic technology","level":2,"score":0.4808383882045746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.4429456889629364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4410174489021301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.4405933618545532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991964656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q656365","display_name":"Work space","level":2,"score":0.4256134033203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.39302870631217957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3810881972312927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206776904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758389","display_name":"Mixed reality","level":3,"score":0.3197838068008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134202134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157399","display_name":"Computer-mediated reality","level":4,"score":0.23974111676216125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09345078468322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135628077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184","display_name":"Finite element method","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/scj.4690231204","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/scj.4690231204","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58208175","display_name":"Systems and Computers in Japan","issn_l":"0882-1666","issn":["0882-1666","1520-684X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems and Computers in Japan","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2350476343","https://openalex.org/W1967499231","https://openalex.org/W2329066012","https://openalex.org/W4214811170","https://openalex.org/W4306412560","https://openalex.org/W2561994641","https://openalex.org/W3186835506","https://openalex.org/W2356353096","https://openalex.org/W2126266895","https://openalex.org/W2041598630"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"To":[1,65],"realize":[2],"the":[3,24,32,41,46,67,75,112,118,127,130,136,141,153,166,169,173,177,181,186,189],"human":[4,47,76],"interface":[5,107],"which":[6,23],"efficiently":[7],"models":[8],"a":[9,13,105],"three\u2010dimensional":[10,34,154,178],"shape":[11,25,155,179],"on":[12,97,172],"computer,":[14],"it":[15,71],"is":[16,39,72,156,162,191],"necessary":[17],"to":[18,125,134,140,164],"provide":[19,135],"an":[20,37,50,83,99],"environment":[21,38],"in":[22,82,116,180],"model":[26],"can":[27],"be":[28,77,90],"manipulated":[29],"directly":[30],"as":[31,56,111],"actual":[33],"object.":[35],"Such":[36,86],"called":[40,109],"virtual":[42,68,119,145,182],"work":[43,69,120,146,183],"space.":[44,121],"In":[45],"manipulation":[48,151,175],"of":[49,152,168,176,188],"object":[51],"by":[52,93],"hand,":[53],"such":[54,79,98],"sensations":[55],"visual,":[57],"tactile":[58],"(touch),":[59],"and":[60,133,150,185],"force":[61,137,170],"are":[62],"utilized":[63],"unconsciously.":[64],"compose":[66],"space,":[70,184],"important":[73],"that":[74],"given":[78],"sensory":[80],"information":[81,87,128,139],"integrated":[84],"way.":[85],"must":[88],"totally":[89],"generated":[91],"artificially":[92],"computer":[94],"processing.":[95],"Based":[96],"idea,":[100],"this":[101],"paper":[102],"proposes":[103],"anew":[104],"space":[106,147],"device":[108,114,123],"SPIDAR,":[110],"I/O":[113],"needed":[115],"composing":[117],"The":[122,144],"functions":[124],"derive":[126],"concerning":[129],"finger":[131,142],"position":[132],"sense":[138,171],"tip.":[143],"for":[148],"generation":[149],"composed":[157],"using":[158],"SPIDAR.":[159],"An":[160],"experiment":[161],"conducted":[163],"examine":[165],"effect":[167],"direct":[174],"usefulness":[187],"method":[190],"verified.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
