{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2145424861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/scj.4690221106","title":"Optimum contrast enhancement using fuzzy sets","display_name":"Optimum contrast enhancement using fuzzy sets","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2145424861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/scj.4690221106","mag":"2145424861"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/scj.4690221106","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/scj.4690221106","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58208175","display_name":"Systems and Computers in Japan","issn_l":"0882-1666","issn":["0882-1666","1520-684X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems and Computers in Japan","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011999946","display_name":"Atsuhisa Saito","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203951103","display_name":"Keio University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kn6nx58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Atsuhisa Saito","raw_affiliation_strings":["Atsuhisa Saito graduated in 1988 from the Dept. Electrical Eng., Fac. Sci. Tech., Keio University, where he obtained a Master's degree in 1991 and affiliated with Ricoh Co. He has Dr. of Eng. degree. He is engaged in research on image processing","Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan 223"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Atsuhisa Saito graduated in 1988 from the Dept. Electrical Eng., Fac. Sci. Tech., Keio University, where he obtained a Master's degree in 1991 and affiliated with Ricoh Co. He has Dr. of Eng. degree. He is engaged in research on image processing","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan 223","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112654638","display_name":"Masato Nakajima","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203951103","display_name":"Keio University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kn6nx58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masato Nakajima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan 223","Koichi Ogawa graduated in 1980 from the Dept. Electrical Eng., Fac. Eng., Keio University, where he obtained a Master's degree in 1982 and became an Assistant in 1982, Lecturer in 1990, Sch. Med., Keio University, and Assoc. Prof. in 1991 in the College of Eng., Hosei University. He is engaged in research on medical image processing and radiation measurement. He is a member of the Jap. SOC. Nucl. Med.; Jap. SOC. Rad. Med.; IEEE; and SNM","Jap. SOC. Rad. Med","Koichi Ogawa graduated in 1980 from the Dept. Electrical Eng., Fac. Eng., Keio University, where he obtained a Master's degree in 1982 and became an Assistant in 1982, Lecturer in 1990, Sch. Med., Keio University, and Assoc. Prof. in 1991 in the College of Eng., Hosei University. He is engaged in research on medical image processing and radiation measurement. He is a member of the Jap. SOC. Nucl. Med"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan 223","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Koichi Ogawa graduated in 1980 from the Dept. Electrical Eng., Fac. Eng., Keio University, where he obtained a Master's degree in 1982 and became an Assistant in 1982, Lecturer in 1990, Sch. Med., Keio University, and Assoc. Prof. in 1991 in the College of Eng., Hosei University. He is engaged in research on medical image processing and radiation measurement. He is a member of the Jap. SOC. Nucl. Med.; Jap. SOC. Rad. Med.; IEEE; and SNM","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jap. SOC. Rad. Med","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Koichi Ogawa graduated in 1980 from the Dept. Electrical Eng., Fac. Eng., Keio University, where he obtained a Master's degree in 1982 and became an Assistant in 1982, Lecturer in 1990, Sch. Med., Keio University, and Assoc. Prof. in 1991 in the College of Eng., Hosei University. He is engaged in research on medical image processing and radiation measurement. He is a member of the Jap. SOC. Nucl. Med","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100640193","display_name":"K. Ogawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7137-9447"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koichi Ogawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Masato Nakajima graduated in 1968 from the Dept. Electrical Eng., Fac. Eng., Keio University, where he obtained a Dr. of Eng. degree in 1973. He became an Assistant in 1972 and an Assoc. Prof. in 1981 on the Fac. Eng., Keio University, and a Professor in 1988 in the Sch. Sci. Tech., Keio University. He is engaged in research on image processing and application of ultrasonics. He is a member of the SOC. Appl. Phys.; IEEJ; SOC. Ultras. in Med.; and OSA","Masato Nakajima graduated in 1968 from the Dept. Electrical Eng., Fac. Eng., Keio University, where he obtained a Dr. of Eng. degree in 1973. He became an Assistant in 1972 and an Assoc. Prof. in 1981 on the Fac. Eng., Keio University, and a Professor in 1988 in the Sch. Sci. Tech., Keio University. He is engaged in research on image processing and application of ultrasonics. He is a member of the SOC. Appl. Phys","SOC. Ultras. in Med"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Masato Nakajima graduated in 1968 from the Dept. Electrical Eng., Fac. Eng., Keio University, where he obtained a Dr. of Eng. degree in 1973. He became an Assistant in 1972 and an Assoc. Prof. in 1981 on the Fac. Eng., Keio University, and a Professor in 1988 in the Sch. Sci. Tech., Keio University. He is engaged in research on image processing and application of ultrasonics. He is a member of the SOC. Appl. Phys.; IEEJ; SOC. Ultras. in Med.; and OSA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Masato Nakajima graduated in 1968 from the Dept. Electrical Eng., Fac. Eng., Keio University, where he obtained a Dr. of Eng. degree in 1973. He became an Assistant in 1972 and an Assoc. Prof. in 1981 on the Fac. Eng., Keio University, and a Professor in 1988 in the Sch. Sci. Tech., Keio University. He is engaged in research on image processing and application of ultrasonics. He is a member of the SOC. Appl. Phys","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SOC. Ultras. in Med","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011999946"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.27092404,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"11","first_page":"52","last_page":"60"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.9797000288963318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9764000177383423,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clipping","display_name":"Clipping (morphology)","score":0.8284313678741455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram-equalization","display_name":"Histogram equalization","score":0.7238298058509827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6573706865310669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-quality","display_name":"Image quality","score":0.6530365943908691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6256098747253418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.6166998147964478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distortion","display_name":"Distortion (music)","score":0.6007511615753174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.5741350054740906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.510394275188446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.5059940218925476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4722549021244049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.4590003490447998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.43554747104644775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equalization","display_name":"Equalization (audio)","score":0.41989371180534363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/top-hat-transform","display_name":"Top-hat transform","score":0.4130586087703705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3569154143333435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3365160822868347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-image-processing","display_name":"Digital image processing","score":0.2457149624824524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.20738863945007324}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776848632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853463","display_name":"Clipping (morphology)","level":2,"score":0.8284313678741455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136943445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1970240","display_name":"Histogram equalization","level":4,"score":0.7238298058509827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6573706865310669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.6530365943908691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6256098747253418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.6166998147964478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.6007511615753174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.5741350054740906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.510394275188446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.5059940218925476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4722549021244049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.4590003490447998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.43554747104644775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75755367","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104531076","display_name":"Equalization (audio)","level":3,"score":0.41989371180534363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180064427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2880017","display_name":"Top-hat transform","level":5,"score":0.4130586087703705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3569154143333435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3365160822868347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Digital image processing","level":4,"score":0.2457149624824524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.20738863945007324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/scj.4690221106","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/scj.4690221106","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58208175","display_name":"Systems and Computers in Japan","issn_l":"0882-1666","issn":["0882-1666","1520-684X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems and Computers in Japan","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988967227","https://openalex.org/W1998235268","https://openalex.org/W2025227146","https://openalex.org/W2025685200","https://openalex.org/W2058333183","https://openalex.org/W2059248560","https://openalex.org/W3026016683","https://openalex.org/W4211007335","https://openalex.org/W4297204443"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2057981026","https://openalex.org/W2256021896","https://openalex.org/W2181573213","https://openalex.org/W2024449420","https://openalex.org/W2398368608","https://openalex.org/W1990492110","https://openalex.org/W1583737874","https://openalex.org/W2122866860","https://openalex.org/W2903465195","https://openalex.org/W2380937280"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,179],"local":[2],"histogram":[3],"equalization":[4],"employed":[5],"in":[6,62,72],"the":[7,11,16,21,24,29,33,43,48,51,54,57,60,63,82,85,89,101,108,123,126,130,140,144,154,159,162,166,170,177,186,189],"contrast":[8],"enhancement":[9],"of":[10,23,53,56,84,100,107,125,139,161,176,181,188],"image":[12,25,49,76,109,134,141,155],"contains":[13],"two":[14],"problems:":[15],"long":[17],"processing":[18,34,182],"time":[19],"and":[20,37,66,88,129,135,165,185],"distortion":[22,156],"quality":[26,77,110],"due":[27],"to":[28,46,142,152],"overenhancement.":[30],"To":[31],"reduce":[32],"time,":[35],"sampling":[36],"hardware":[38],"implementation":[39],"are":[40,68,92],"considered.":[41,69],"On":[42],"other":[44],"hand,":[45],"improve":[47],"quality,":[50],"adjustment":[52],"size":[55,83,124,160],"reference":[58,64,86,127,163],"region,":[59],"weighting":[61],"region":[65,87,128,164],"clipping":[67,90,131,167],"A":[70],"problem":[71],"past":[73],"efforts":[74],"for":[75,122,132,136,173],"improvement,":[78],"however,":[79],"is":[80,98,116,183,192],"that":[81,103,118],"value":[91,168],"set":[93],"as":[94],"fixed":[95],"values,":[96],"which":[97],"one":[99],"reasons":[102],"a":[104,150],"sufficient":[105],"improvement":[106],"has":[111],"not":[112],"been":[113],"achieved.":[114],"It":[115],"expected":[117],"optimum":[119],"values":[120],"exist":[121],"each":[133,137,174],"part":[138,175],"realize":[143],"best":[145],"contrast.":[146],"This":[147],"paper":[148],"proposes":[149],"method":[151,191],"ameliorate":[153],"by":[157,169],"adjusting":[158],"fuzzy":[171],"control":[172],"image.":[178],"result":[180],"shown,":[184],"usefulness":[187],"proposed":[190],"discussed.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}