{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1970208865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/scj.4690220710","title":"Automatic identification of human faces by 3\u2010d shape of surfaces\u2010using vertices of b\u2010spline surface","display_name":"Automatic identification of human faces by 3\u2010d shape of surfaces\u2010using vertices of b\u2010spline surface","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1970208865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/scj.4690220710","mag":"1970208865"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/scj.4690220710","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/scj.4690220710","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58208175","display_name":"Systems and Computers in Japan","issn_l":"0882-1666","issn":["0882-1666","1520-684X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems and Computers in Japan","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019791003","display_name":"Toru Abe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3786-0122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Toru Abe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Education Center for Information Processing, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan 980"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Education Center for Information Processing, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan 980","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111650093","display_name":"Hirotomo Aso","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hirotomo Aso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan 980"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan 980","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018557272","display_name":"Masayuki Kimura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1445-6266"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masayuki Kimura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan 980"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan 980","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019791003"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5638,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65505564,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"7","first_page":"96","last_page":"105"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9591000080108643,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9520999789237976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6895802021026611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6787492036819458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.6024188995361328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5888171195983887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface","display_name":"Surface (topology)","score":0.5688598155975342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5629671216011047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5613709688186646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5594275593757629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spline","display_name":"Spline (mechanical)","score":0.5047405958175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/b-spline","display_name":"B-spline","score":0.49606332182884216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4884833097457886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4673939645290375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.34764307737350464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.1503729224205017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11081373691558838}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6895802021026611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6787492036819458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.6024188995361328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5888171195983887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.5688598155975342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5629671216011047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5613709688186646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5594275593757629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10390562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581809","display_name":"Spline (mechanical)","level":2,"score":0.5047405958175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15945459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2083109","display_name":"B-spline","level":2,"score":0.49606332182884216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4884833097457886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4673939645290375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34764307737350464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.1503729224205017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11081373691558838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/scj.4690220710","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/scj.4690220710","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58208175","display_name":"Systems and Computers in Japan","issn_l":"0882-1666","issn":["0882-1666","1520-684X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems and Computers in Japan","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996773532","https://openalex.org/W2020187819","https://openalex.org/W2075972813","https://openalex.org/W2102902467","https://openalex.org/W2134172656"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2131662362","https://openalex.org/W2348675830","https://openalex.org/W2052425187","https://openalex.org/W2766141905","https://openalex.org/W3084529718","https://openalex.org/W3153287478","https://openalex.org/W2263936855","https://openalex.org/W2116141739","https://openalex.org/W1566260961","https://openalex.org/W2487825112"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1,13],"paper":[2],"proposes":[3],"a":[4,17,72,88,113,117,150,153],"new":[5],"method":[6,15],"for":[7,43,93,138,164,177],"automatic":[8],"identification":[9,14,45,61,95,170],"of":[10,46,62,97,101,112,128,156,172],"human":[11,73],"faces.":[12],"uses":[16],"facial":[18,114],"three\u2010dimensional":[19],"(3\u2010D)":[20],"shape":[21,69],"that":[22,64],"is":[23,33,175],"extracted":[24],"from":[25],"an":[26,85,110],"absolute":[27],"range":[28],"map.":[29],"The":[30],"important":[31],"issue":[32],"to":[34,37,54],"determine":[35],"what":[36],"use":[38,79],"as":[39,71,134],"feature":[40,82,102,135,147],"vector":[41,103,136],"components":[42,104,137],"the":[44,60,80,94,98,126,129,139,145,165],"3\u2010D":[47,56],"objects.":[48],"There":[49],"have":[50,65],"been":[51],"several":[52],"approaches":[53,76],"identify":[55],"objects,":[57],"but":[58],"in":[59,84,149],"objects":[63],"smooth":[66],"and":[67,125],"complex":[68],"(such":[70],"face)":[74],"such":[75],"did":[77],"not":[78],"whole":[81,146],"included":[83,148],"object,":[86],"or":[87],"long":[89],"time":[90],"was":[91,120],"required":[92],"because":[96],"large":[99],"number":[100,155],"needed.":[105],"To":[106],"solve":[107],"these":[108],"problems,":[109],"approximation":[111],"surface":[115,119,131,151],"with":[116],"B\u2010spline":[118,130],"made":[121],"by":[122],"least\u2010square":[123],"fitting,":[124],"vertices":[127],"were":[132],"used":[133,162],"identification.":[140,166],"Since":[141],"this":[142,168],"process":[143],"condenses":[144],"into":[152],"small":[154],"points":[157],"(vertices),":[158],"features":[159],"can":[160],"be":[161],"efficiently":[163],"By":[167],"method,":[169],"accuracy":[171],"98.8":[173],"percent":[174],"obtained":[176],"33":[178],"persons":[179],"(5":[180],"data/person).":[181]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
