{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7129257084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcal.70206","title":"Leveraging Large Language Models to Enhance Self\u2010Regulated Learning in Programming Education With Explainable <scp>AI</scp>","display_name":"Leveraging Large Language Models to Enhance Self\u2010Regulated Learning in Programming Education With Explainable <scp>AI</scp>","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7129257084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcal.70206"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/jcal.70206","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcal.70206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5743915","display_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","issn_l":"0266-4909","issn":["0266-4909","1365-2729"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068052544","display_name":"Christopher C. Y. Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8469-5839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I49645291","display_name":"National Taipei University of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02bzpph30","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49645291"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99613584","display_name":"National Taipei University","ror":"https://ror.org/03e29r284","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99613584"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christopher C. Y. Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science National Taipei University of Education  Taipei City Taiwan, ROC"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8469-5839","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science National Taipei University of Education  Taipei City Taiwan, ROC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49645291","https://openalex.org/I99613584"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126246306","display_name":"MinJia Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22265921","display_name":"National Central University","ror":"https://ror.org/00944ve71","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22265921"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"MinJia Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Central University  Taoyuan City Taiwan, ROC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Central University  Taoyuan City Taiwan, ROC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22265921"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126193223","display_name":"Anna Y. Q. Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22265921","display_name":"National Central University","ror":"https://ror.org/00944ve71","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22265921"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Y. Q. Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Central University  Taoyuan City Taiwan, ROC"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2075-2256","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Central University  Taoyuan City Taiwan, ROC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22265921"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068052544"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49645291","https://openalex.org/I99613584"],"apc_list":{"value":3760,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3760},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.27710983,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.27410000562667847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.27410000562667847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.2418999969959259,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.07980000227689743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6432999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5582000017166138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5044999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.49939998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limiting","display_name":"Limiting","score":0.44179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.40049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.36570000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.33320000767707825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7983999848365784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6432999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5582000017166138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5044999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.49939998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.498199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.44179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4097999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.40049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.36570000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.35519999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.33320000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776933062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861413","display_name":"Mastery learning","level":2,"score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.31279999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74672266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815859","display_name":"Language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.3000999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.29179999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.28450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16443162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Educational technology","level":2,"score":0.25380000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781039887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391724","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/jcal.70206","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcal.70206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5743915","display_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","issn_l":"0266-4909","issn":["0266-4909","1365-2729"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.809339165687561,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5694730950","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"114\u20102628\u2010H\u2010152\u2010003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F2461203286","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7720397608","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"113\u20102410\u2010H\u2010152\u2010046","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F2461203286","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F2461203286","display_name":"National Science and Technology Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2121106316","https://openalex.org/W2584854169","https://openalex.org/W2945020349","https://openalex.org/W2970787375","https://openalex.org/W3000965188","https://openalex.org/W3039143701","https://openalex.org/W3118164373","https://openalex.org/W3183850874","https://openalex.org/W4292615927","https://openalex.org/W4360976735","https://openalex.org/W4378216996","https://openalex.org/W4381331127","https://openalex.org/W4391933659","https://openalex.org/W4393086054","https://openalex.org/W4400745921","https://openalex.org/W4402593960","https://openalex.org/W4402626791","https://openalex.org/W4405531030","https://openalex.org/W4405812145","https://openalex.org/W4405908042","https://openalex.org/W4406091961","https://openalex.org/W4406102215","https://openalex.org/W4406911716"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Background":[1],"While":[2],"prior":[3],"research":[4],"has":[5],"shown":[6],"that":[7,76,101,113,163],"timely":[8],"and":[9,16,37,62,106,108,119,172,180,196],"personalised":[10,157],"feedback":[11,34,75,178],"improves":[12],"students'":[13],"learning":[14,79,145],"outcomes":[15],"self\u2010regulation,":[17],"most":[18],"existing":[19],"systems":[20,42],"fail":[21],"to":[22,134,142,155,198],"provide":[23],"actionable,":[24],"individualised":[25],"explanations":[26],"at":[27],"scale,":[28],"especially":[29],"in":[30,81,169],"programming":[31,85],"education.":[32,86],"Manual":[33],"is":[35],"resource\u2010intensive,":[36],"traditional":[38],"Artificial":[39],"Intelligence":[40],"(AI)":[41],"often":[43],"lack":[44],"transparency,":[45],"limiting":[46],"their":[47],"pedagogical":[48],"value.":[49],"Objectives":[50],"This":[51,188],"study":[52,189],"addresses":[53],"these":[54,128],"gaps":[55],"by":[56],"leveraging":[57],"Large":[58],"Language":[59],"Models":[60],"(LLMs)":[61],"Explainable":[63],"AI":[64],"(XAI)\u2014specifically,":[65],"the":[66,82,89,130,152,177,191,206],"SHapley":[67],"Additive":[68],"exPlanations":[69],"(SHAP)":[70],"method\u2014to":[71],"generate":[72,156],"interpretable,":[73],"scalable":[74,201],"enhances":[77],"self\u2010regulated":[78],"(SRL)":[80],"context":[83],"of":[84,193],"Methods":[87],"In":[88],"present":[90],"study,":[91],"behavioural":[92],"data":[93],"were":[94,148],"collected":[95],"from":[96],"BookRoll,":[97],"an":[98],"e\u2010reading":[99],"system":[100],"tracks":[102],"interactions":[103],"like":[104],"highlighting":[105],"note\u2010taking,":[107],"VisCode,":[109],"a":[110,136],"coding":[111],"platform":[112],"records":[114],"compile":[115],"attempts,":[116],"error":[117],"types":[118],"code":[120],"execution":[121],"behaviour.":[122],"Combined":[123],"with":[124],"self\u2010reported":[125],"strategy":[126],"data,":[127],"formed":[129],"LBLS":[131],"dataset":[132],"used":[133,141],"train":[135],"predictive":[137],"model.":[138],"SHAP":[139],"was":[140],"identify":[143],"key":[144],"features,":[146],"which":[147],"then":[149],"input":[150],"into":[151],"GPT\u20104":[153],"model":[154],"mid\u2010semester":[158],"reports.":[159],"Results":[160,161],"showed":[162],"students":[164],"receiving":[165],"LLM\u2010generated":[166],"suggestions":[167],"improved":[168],"SRL":[170],"behaviours":[171],"final":[173],"performance.":[174],"Most":[175],"found":[176],"understandable":[179],"useful,":[181],"though":[182],"some":[183],"questioned":[184],"its":[185],"accuracy.":[186],"Conclusion":[187],"demonstrates":[190],"potential":[192],"combining":[194],"LLMs":[195],"XAI":[197],"deliver":[199],"meaningful,":[200],"feedback,":[202],"but":[203],"also":[204],"highlights":[205],"need":[207],"for":[208],"human":[209],"oversight.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-30T09:15:22.047038","created_date":"2026-02-18T00:00:00"}
