{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125499321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcal.70192","title":"Grade Level Dynamics of the Predictive Role of College Students' Computational Thinking on Generative Artificial Intelligence Attitudes: Moderating Role of Gender and Major","display_name":"Grade Level Dynamics of the Predictive Role of College Students' Computational Thinking on Generative Artificial Intelligence Attitudes: Moderating Role of Gender and Major","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125499321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcal.70192"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/jcal.70192","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcal.70192","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/jcal.70192","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5743915","display_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","issn_l":"0266-4909","issn":["0266-4909","1365-2729"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/jcal.70192","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102032875","display_name":"Lihui Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145897649","display_name":"Minzu University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/0044e2g62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145897649"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lihui Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Education Minzu University of China  Beijing China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9188-9022","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Education Minzu University of China  Beijing China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145897649"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005517407","display_name":"Junjie Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7702-1059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145897649","display_name":"Minzu University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/0044e2g62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145897649"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junjie Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Education Minzu University of China  Beijing China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7702-1059","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Education Minzu University of China  Beijing China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145897649"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102032875"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145897649"],"apc_list":{"value":3760,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3760},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11009732,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.524399995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.524399995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.10679999738931656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.045499999076128006,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamics","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","score":0.4575999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilevel-model","display_name":"Multilevel model","score":0.3917999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/longitudinal-study","display_name":"Longitudinal study","score":0.390500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.37869998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression-analysis","display_name":"Regression analysis","score":0.3767000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-education","display_name":"Higher education","score":0.3375000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-equation-modeling","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","score":0.325300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-effects","display_name":"Differential effects","score":0.32519999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.31709998846054077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7208999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145912823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113558","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","level":2,"score":0.4575999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.44429999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53059260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374758","display_name":"Multilevel model","level":2,"score":0.3917999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777895361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758614","display_name":"Longitudinal study","level":2,"score":0.390500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.37869998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.3767000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.3375000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.325300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019921246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104853310","display_name":"Differential effects","level":2,"score":0.32519999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.32249999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.31709998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780368719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157342","display_name":"Computational thinking","level":2,"score":0.3165000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3018999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C533356498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843894","display_name":"Critical thinking","level":2,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986587452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical analysis","level":2,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778048005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7692612","display_name":"Technology integration","level":3,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16443162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Educational technology","level":2,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110131835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153659","display_name":"Self-efficacy","level":2,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150681269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2380771","display_name":"Cognitive style","level":3,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192531217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q595868","display_name":"Computer literacy","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48921125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030","display_name":"Linear regression","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991670904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875538","display_name":"Public university","level":2,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105776082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q617473","display_name":"Likert scale","level":2,"score":0.2529999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207054656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434146","display_name":"Fluid and crystallized intelligence","level":5,"score":0.2524000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.25220000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27574286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320723","display_name":"Variables","level":2,"score":0.25200000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/jcal.70192","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcal.70192","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/jcal.70192","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5743915","display_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","issn_l":"0266-4909","issn":["0266-4909","1365-2729"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/jcal.70192","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcal.70192","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/jcal.70192","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5743915","display_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","issn_l":"0266-4909","issn":["0266-4909","1365-2729"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.49681854248046875,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322724","display_name":"Ministry of Education, India","ror":"https://ror.org/048xjjh50"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125499321.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1530321243","https://openalex.org/W1969517712","https://openalex.org/W2126078878","https://openalex.org/W2132732146","https://openalex.org/W2318883933","https://openalex.org/W2339183141","https://openalex.org/W2522521125","https://openalex.org/W2555613390","https://openalex.org/W2569623901","https://openalex.org/W2594401914","https://openalex.org/W2754972376","https://openalex.org/W2760706586","https://openalex.org/W2782345770","https://openalex.org/W2963380860","https://openalex.org/W2980801934","https://openalex.org/W2987969965","https://openalex.org/W2998595140","https://openalex.org/W3000232414","https://openalex.org/W3087638916","https://openalex.org/W3157666221","https://openalex.org/W3168967568","https://openalex.org/W3176397939","https://openalex.org/W3198417204","https://openalex.org/W4220787798","https://openalex.org/W4224294598","https://openalex.org/W4311995777","https://openalex.org/W4321855256","https://openalex.org/W4366420437","https://openalex.org/W4378574344","https://openalex.org/W4385269673","https://openalex.org/W4386327397","https://openalex.org/W4386570516","https://openalex.org/W4386585238","https://openalex.org/W4390399517","https://openalex.org/W4395485033","https://openalex.org/W4399082280","https://openalex.org/W4399765300","https://openalex.org/W4400667186","https://openalex.org/W4400917783","https://openalex.org/W4401027968","https://openalex.org/W4401077562","https://openalex.org/W4402434908","https://openalex.org/W4402893477","https://openalex.org/W4403971764","https://openalex.org/W4407929143","https://openalex.org/W4408098475","https://openalex.org/W4411202738","https://openalex.org/W4412172526","https://openalex.org/W6913119373"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Background":[1],"The":[2,311],"development":[3],"of":[4,40,71,111,119,131,161,176,194,351,387],"generative":[5],"artificial":[6],"intelligence":[7],"(GenAI)":[8],"technology":[9],"has":[10,48,67,79],"triggered":[11],"ripple":[12],"effects":[13,175,350],"in":[14,19,29,121,241,255,272,291,297,321,337,369,380,389,432],"teaching,":[15],"learning":[16],"and":[17,22,46,86,92,102,148,178,183,185,229,268,274,281,287,293,300,305,324,327,340,353,360,372,376,382,409,412,420,428],"assessment":[18],"higher":[20,122,278,433],"education,":[21],"college":[23,74,90,133,144,269,288,315,366,377,406],"students'":[24,75,145,316,407],"GenAI":[25,61,87,120,146,164,181,239,279,298,361,390,410,427],"attitudes":[26,88,147,182,240,280,299,391,411],"are":[27],"key":[28],"determining":[30],"its":[31],"effective":[32,117],"integration.":[33],"Computational":[34],"thinking":[35,45],"(CT),":[36],"as":[37,43,365],"an":[38,50,245],"amalgam":[39],"skills":[41],"such":[42],"algorithmic":[44],"problem\u2010solving,":[47],"become":[49],"essential":[51],"skill":[52],"for":[53,397],"adapting":[54],"to":[55,115,142,156,171,190,394,425],"the":[56,69,82,116,158,173,192,206,251,256,260,295,328,344,348,356,402,414],"digital":[57],"age":[58],"represented":[59],"by":[60,98,303,314,331,418],"technologies.":[62],"Objectives":[63],"While":[64],"previous":[65],"research":[66,106,218],"confirmed":[68],"impact":[70],"CT":[72,85,113,149,162,236,282,301,359,408,429],"on":[73,163,180,355],"technological":[76],"attitudes,":[77],"it":[78],"not":[80],"clarified":[81],"relationship":[83,95,357,404],"between":[84,358,405],"among":[89,196,209],"students":[91,134,267,270,286,289,367,375,378],"whether":[93],"this":[94,232],"is":[96],"affected":[97],"grade":[99,309,370],"level,":[100,371],"gender":[101,177,304,317,352,419],"major":[103,179,306,333,354],"factors.":[104,198],"This":[105,125,399],"gap":[107],"limits":[108],"our":[109],"understanding":[110],"how":[112],"contributes":[114],"integration":[118],"education.":[123,434],"Methods":[124],"study":[126,202,233,261,345,400],"conducted":[127,141],"a":[128,200,225],"cross\u2010sectional":[129,201],"survey":[130],"1089":[132],"from":[135],"China.":[136],"Descriptive":[137],"statistical":[138],"analyses":[139],"were":[140,169,188,318,334,384],"present":[143],"scores;":[150],"sub\u2010group":[151],"linear":[152],"regression":[153],"was":[154],"employed":[155],"explore":[157,191,221],"predictive":[159,248,253],"role":[160],"attitudes;":[165],"parametric":[166],"t":[167],"\u2010tests":[168],"used":[170],"analyse":[172],"differential":[174],"CT;":[184],"moderated":[186],"models":[187],"applied":[189],"mechanisms":[193],"influence":[195],"multiple":[197],"However,":[199],"can":[203],"only":[204],"reflect":[205],"static":[207],"relationships":[208,223],"variables":[210],"rather":[211],"than":[212,284],"their":[213,322,332,338],"dynamic":[214,415],"developmental":[215],"processes.":[216],"Future":[217],"could":[219],"further":[220],"these":[222],"through":[224],"longitudinal":[226],"design.":[227],"Results":[228],"Conclusion":[230],"First,":[231],"found":[234,263],"that":[235,264,347,373],"positively":[237],"predicted":[238],"all":[242],"grades,":[243],"showing":[244],"\u2018inverted":[246],"U\u2010shaped\u2019":[247],"curve,":[249],"with":[250,308,392],"strongest":[252],"effect":[254],"sophomore":[257,325],"year.":[258],"Second,":[259],"also":[262],"although":[265],"female":[266,374],"majoring":[271,290,379],"science":[273,381],"engineering":[275,383],"had":[276],"significantly":[277],"levels":[283],"male":[285],"literature":[292],"history,":[294],"differences":[296,312,329,416],"caused":[302,313,330,417],"changed":[307],"level.":[310],"more":[319,335,363],"significant":[320,336,364],"freshman":[323],"years,":[326],"junior":[339],"senior":[341],"years.":[342],"Furthermore,":[343],"discovered":[346],"moderating":[349],"became":[362],"increased":[368],"better":[385],"predictors":[386],"changes":[388],"respect":[393],"CT.":[395],"Implications":[396],"Practice":[398],"revealed":[401,413],"non\u2010linear":[403],"major,":[421],"providing":[422],"precise":[423],"evidence":[424],"support":[426],"phased":[430],"education":[431]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-01-25T23:04:38.658462","created_date":"2026-01-24T00:00:00"}