{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125530490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcal.70183","title":"Investigating the Modality and Signalling Principles in Immersive Augmented Reality Learning Environments","display_name":"Investigating the Modality and Signalling Principles in Immersive Augmented Reality Learning Environments","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125530490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcal.70183"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/jcal.70183","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcal.70183","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/jcal.70183","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5743915","display_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","issn_l":"0266-4909","issn":["0266-4909","1365-2729"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/jcal.70183","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092796428","display_name":"Rabea B\u00f6dding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1407-736X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20121455","display_name":"Bielefeld University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hpadn98","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20121455"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rabea B\u00f6dding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bielefeld University  Bielefeld Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1407-736X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bielefeld University  Bielefeld Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20121455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123646047","display_name":"G\u00fcnter W. Maier","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20121455","display_name":"Bielefeld University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hpadn98","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20121455"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G\u00fcnter W. Maier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bielefeld University  Bielefeld Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bielefeld University  Bielefeld Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20121455"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092796428"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20121455"],"apc_list":{"value":3760,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3760},"apc_paid":{"value":3760,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3760},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13542304,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.6998999714851379,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.6998999714851379,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.18400000035762787,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.049400001764297485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affordance","display_name":"Affordance","score":0.8274000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.7299000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.6933000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5285000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/augmented-reality","display_name":"Augmented reality","score":0.5127999782562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instructional-design","display_name":"Instructional design","score":0.4805999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/session","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","score":0.4449000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-load","display_name":"Cognitive load","score":0.43380001187324524}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194995250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q531136","display_name":"Affordance","level":2,"score":0.8274000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.7299000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.6933000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5701000094413757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5285000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153715457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254183","display_name":"Augmented reality","level":2,"score":0.5127999782562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159456220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q667334","display_name":"Instructional design","level":2,"score":0.4805999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4758000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779182362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126187","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","level":2,"score":0.4449000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61641136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Cognitive load","level":3,"score":0.43380001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.41940000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16443162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Educational technology","level":2,"score":0.40630000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96427005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98442705","display_name":"Learning sciences","level":3,"score":0.31349998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138020889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2349659","display_name":"Collaborative learning","level":2,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39743133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3262595","display_name":"Signalling","level":2,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92393732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1790374","display_name":"Learning theory","level":2,"score":0.2971000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37228920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307600","display_name":"Experiential learning","level":2,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777072894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4812204","display_name":"Asynchronous learning","level":5,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776503756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1424497","display_name":"Self-regulated learning","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.25360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10431821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6510174","display_name":"Learning effect","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/jcal.70183","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcal.70183","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/jcal.70183","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5743915","display_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","issn_l":"0266-4909","issn":["0266-4909","1365-2729"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/jcal.70183","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcal.70183","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/jcal.70183","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5743915","display_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","issn_l":"0266-4909","issn":["0266-4909","1365-2729"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.814044177532196,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6819923054","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"005\u20102011\u20100006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322835","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Economic Affairs"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322835","display_name":"Ministry of Economic Affairs","ror":"https://ror.org/042ge0913"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323389","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Bielefeld","ror":"https://ror.org/02hpadn98"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125530490.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125530490.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W123258387","https://openalex.org/W298135510","https://openalex.org/W1575304580","https://openalex.org/W1598879315","https://openalex.org/W2010635301","https://openalex.org/W2016751155","https://openalex.org/W2025097991","https://openalex.org/W2026708800","https://openalex.org/W2038068182","https://openalex.org/W2043769166","https://openalex.org/W2052783878","https://openalex.org/W2054804287","https://openalex.org/W2118389537","https://openalex.org/W2137841856","https://openalex.org/W2213284889","https://openalex.org/W2228329932","https://openalex.org/W2531535642","https://openalex.org/W2562199918","https://openalex.org/W2610765860","https://openalex.org/W2625051696","https://openalex.org/W2770778872","https://openalex.org/W2770853336","https://openalex.org/W2772602887","https://openalex.org/W2808736338","https://openalex.org/W2810217629","https://openalex.org/W2810873341","https://openalex.org/W2810887177","https://openalex.org/W2896022072","https://openalex.org/W2941547204","https://openalex.org/W2956049201","https://openalex.org/W2964027108","https://openalex.org/W2980124293","https://openalex.org/W3031977835","https://openalex.org/W3080093691","https://openalex.org/W3127290767","https://openalex.org/W3137241340","https://openalex.org/W3161699818","https://openalex.org/W3181215940","https://openalex.org/W3208090461","https://openalex.org/W3210645082","https://openalex.org/W4205322712","https://openalex.org/W4206516126","https://openalex.org/W4250922876","https://openalex.org/W4281398834","https://openalex.org/W4281639053","https://openalex.org/W4295269298","https://openalex.org/W4304610447","https://openalex.org/W4310234852","https://openalex.org/W4313399483","https://openalex.org/W4361862747","https://openalex.org/W4362584493","https://openalex.org/W4386624021","https://openalex.org/W4395463972","https://openalex.org/W4402788645","https://openalex.org/W4404981214","https://openalex.org/W4407313185"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Background":[1],"The":[2,31,178],"potential":[3,95],"of":[4,34,77,128,187,215,229,248],"Augmented":[5],"Reality":[6],"(AR)":[7],"for":[8,27,41,172,236],"enhancing":[9],"learning":[10,42,80,88,143,153],"has":[11],"long":[12],"been":[13,53,65],"discussed,":[14],"however,":[15],"existing":[16],"research":[17,238],"primarily":[18],"relies":[19],"on":[20,87,193],"media":[21],"comparisons":[22],"that":[23,82,98,211],"provide":[24],"little":[25],"basis":[26],"robust":[28],"theoretical":[29],"development.":[30],"Cognitive":[32],"Theory":[33],"Multimedia":[35],"Learning":[36],"(CTML)":[37],"proposes":[38],"design":[39,217,243],"principles":[40,192,218],"materials":[43],"to":[44,49,55,73,170,223,239],"support":[45],"cognitive":[46],"processes":[47],"leading":[48],"learning,":[50],"which":[51],"have":[52,62],"shown":[54],"be":[56],"effective":[57],"in":[58,67,90,111,167],"different":[59],"media,":[60],"though":[61],"very":[63],"rarely":[64],"investigated":[66],"AR.":[68],"Objectives":[69],"This":[70,209],"study":[71],"aims":[72],"investigate":[74],"the":[75,94,103,121,126,133,152,160,168,188,212,227,234,245],"effectiveness":[76],"two":[78],"important":[79],"principles,":[81,125],"is":[83],"signalling":[84,122,189],"and":[85,123,132,146,155,159,176,190,199,201,232],"modality,":[86],"outcomes":[89],"AR,":[91,231],"while":[92],"examining":[93],"moderating":[96],"impact":[97],"cognitive\u2010affective":[99],"factors":[100],"caused":[101],"by":[102],"technology":[104],"may":[105,219],"have.":[106],"Methods":[107],"Eighty":[108],"adults":[109],"participated":[110],"this":[112],"pre\u2010registered":[113],"2":[114,116],"\u00d7":[115],"experimental":[117],"study.":[118],"To":[119],"test":[120],"modality":[124,135,191],"presence":[127],"virtual":[129],"signals":[130],"(absent/present)":[131],"content":[134],"(text/audio)":[136],"was":[137],"manipulated":[138],"between\u2010subjects":[139],"during":[140],"an":[141],"AR":[142,224],"session.":[144],"Declarative":[145],"procedural":[147,197],"knowledge":[148],"were":[149,163],"measured":[150],"after":[151],"session":[154],"additionally,":[156],"learners'":[157],"motivation":[158,200],"system":[161,202],"usability":[162,203],"included":[164],"as":[165],"moderators":[166],"analysis":[169],"account":[171],"AR\u2010specific":[173],"influences.":[174],"Results":[175],"Conclusions":[177],"findings":[179],"revealed":[180],"no":[181],"significant":[182],"main":[183],"or":[184,196],"interaction":[185],"effects":[186],"either":[194],"declarative":[195],"knowledge,":[198],"did":[204],"not":[205,220],"moderate":[206],"these":[207,216],"relationships.":[208],"indicates":[210],"expected":[213],"benefits":[214],"translate":[221],"effectively":[222],"contexts,":[225],"underscores":[226],"complexity":[228],"educational":[230],"highlights":[233],"need":[235],"further":[237],"better":[240],"align":[241],"instructional":[242],"with":[244],"unique":[246],"affordances":[247],"immersive":[249],"technologies.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2026-01-24T00:00:00"}