{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416979035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcal.70169","title":"The Role of Trait Cognitive Flexibility on Game\u2010Based Learning: A Media\u2010Comparison Study","display_name":"The Role of Trait Cognitive Flexibility on Game\u2010Based Learning: A Media\u2010Comparison Study","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416979035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcal.70169"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/jcal.70169","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcal.70169","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5743915","display_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","issn_l":"0266-4909","issn":["0266-4909","1365-2729"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089868188","display_name":"Fangzheng Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3575-9039"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152031979","display_name":"Nanjing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/036trcv74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152031979"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fangzheng Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing Normal University  Nanjing China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3575-9039","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing Normal University  Nanjing China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152031979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111902890","display_name":"Qiyang Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-132X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiyang Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University  East Lansing Michigan USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-132X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University  East Lansing Michigan USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008608861","display_name":"Richard E. Mayer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4055-6938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard E. Mayer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Santa Barbara  Santa Barbara California USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4055-6938","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara  Santa Barbara California USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089868188"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152031979"],"apc_list":{"value":3760,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3760},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.4058708,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.37959998846054077,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.37959998846054077,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.09560000151395798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11526","display_name":"Innovative Teaching Methods","score":0.08429999649524689,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-flexibility","display_name":"Cognitive flexibility","score":0.77920001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.7530999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trait","display_name":"Trait","score":0.6538000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-training","display_name":"Transfer of training","score":0.5902000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-load","display_name":"Cognitive load","score":0.4763000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teaching-method","display_name":"Teaching method","score":0.460099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/session","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","score":0.44040000438690186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66102695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141208","display_name":"Cognitive flexibility","level":3,"score":0.77920001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.7530999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.704200029373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106934330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971873","display_name":"Trait","level":2,"score":0.6538000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777938197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834022","display_name":"Transfer of training","level":2,"score":0.5902000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61641136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Cognitive load","level":3,"score":0.4763000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88610354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813494","display_name":"Teaching method","level":2,"score":0.460099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4431999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779182362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126187","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","level":2,"score":0.44040000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150681269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2380771","display_name":"Cognitive style","level":3,"score":0.3662000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909807104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Computer-Assisted Instruction","level":2,"score":0.3646000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3273000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159456220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q667334","display_name":"Instructional design","level":2,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16443162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Educational technology","level":2,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781410774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17008186","display_name":"Cognitive strategy","level":3,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119653847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1327780","display_name":"Elementary cognitive task","level":3,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36727532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861399","display_name":"Educational research","level":2,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/jcal.70169","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcal.70169","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5743915","display_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","issn_l":"0266-4909","issn":["0266-4909","1365-2729"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G451148677","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1821833","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G772659084","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2201020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1983069604","https://openalex.org/W1986493181","https://openalex.org/W1991851461","https://openalex.org/W1992439949","https://openalex.org/W2000885037","https://openalex.org/W2001458884","https://openalex.org/W2006105998","https://openalex.org/W2008126170","https://openalex.org/W2010912952","https://openalex.org/W2012039745","https://openalex.org/W2013438164","https://openalex.org/W2014654802","https://openalex.org/W2023052152","https://openalex.org/W2035546865","https://openalex.org/W2084384548","https://openalex.org/W2098677520","https://openalex.org/W2100254477","https://openalex.org/W2103998048","https://openalex.org/W2127199677","https://openalex.org/W2168139785","https://openalex.org/W2215450552","https://openalex.org/W2307083695","https://openalex.org/W2550883893","https://openalex.org/W2734712483","https://openalex.org/W2890019433","https://openalex.org/W2891914549","https://openalex.org/W2901100217","https://openalex.org/W2981273063","https://openalex.org/W3003492616","https://openalex.org/W3138923254","https://openalex.org/W4213078858","https://openalex.org/W4229035407","https://openalex.org/W4240804988","https://openalex.org/W4281772842","https://openalex.org/W4289338980","https://openalex.org/W4312417501","https://openalex.org/W4376111157","https://openalex.org/W4384461076","https://openalex.org/W4387332712","https://openalex.org/W4389506924","https://openalex.org/W4390584674","https://openalex.org/W4396770544","https://openalex.org/W4399660211","https://openalex.org/W4403685475","https://openalex.org/W4405125015","https://openalex.org/W4406717150","https://openalex.org/W4408906585"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Background":[1],"Previous":[2],"media":[3,164],"comparison":[4,165],"research":[5],"has":[6],"often":[7],"compared":[8],"learning":[9,14,34,51,109,154],"from":[10,15,162],"instructional":[11,57,60,92],"games":[12],"with":[13,125],"traditional":[16],"media.":[17,38],"However,":[18],"there":[19],"is":[20],"a":[21,63,79,97,177],"limited":[22],"exploration":[23],"into":[24],"how":[25],"the":[26,45,91,101,135,139,152,169],"learner's":[27],"cognitive":[28,31,48,106,127,149,174],"traits,":[29],"particularly":[30],"flexibility,":[32],"influence":[33],"outcomes":[35,52,110],"across":[36],"different":[37],"Objectives":[39],"This":[40],"study":[41,121,158],"aims":[42],"to":[43,89,171],"investigate":[44],"impact":[46],"of":[47,69],"flexibility":[49,107,128,150,175],"on":[50,83,131],"when":[53],"using":[54],"two":[55],"distinct":[56],"media:":[58],"an":[59],"game":[61,93,140],"and":[62,108,115,118,151,167],"slideshow":[64,98],"lesson.":[65],"Methods":[66],"A":[67],"total":[68],"142":[70],"undergraduate":[71],"students":[72,124],"participated":[73],"in":[74,78,181],"this":[75,157],"study,":[76],"engaging":[77],"1.5\u2010h":[80],"session":[81],"focusing":[82],"epidemiology.":[84],"They":[85],"were":[86,111],"randomly":[87],"assigned":[88,153],"either":[90],"Crystal":[94],"Island":[95],"or":[96],"lesson":[99],"covering":[100],"same":[102],"content.":[103],"Their":[104],"trait":[105,180],"evaluated":[112],"through":[113],"post\u2010questionnaires":[114],"posttests.":[116],"Results":[117],"Conclusions":[119],"The":[120],"found":[122],"that":[123],"higher":[126],"scored":[129],"better":[130],"transfer":[132],"tests.":[133],"Additionally,":[134],"slides":[136],"group":[137],"outperformed":[138],"group.":[141],"Interestingly,":[142],"no":[143],"significant":[144],"interaction":[145],"was":[146],"observed":[147],"between":[148],"medium.":[155],"Overall,":[156],"replicated":[159],"some":[160],"findings":[161],"previous":[163],"studies":[166],"highlighted":[168],"need":[170],"further":[172],"explore":[173],"as":[176],"key":[178],"individual":[179],"multimedia":[182],"learning.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-12-04T00:00:00"}