{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415176294","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/isaf.70018","title":"Balanced Underbagged Ensemble Approach for Classifying Highly Imbalanced Datasets in the Insurance and Financial Sectors","display_name":"Balanced Underbagged Ensemble Approach for Classifying Highly Imbalanced Datasets in the Insurance and Financial Sectors","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415176294","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/isaf.70018"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/isaf.70018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/isaf.70018","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/isaf.70018","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4394735491","display_name":"Intelligent systems in accounting, finance and management/Intelligent systems in accounting, finance & management","issn_l":"1550-1949","issn":["1550-1949","2160-0074"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/isaf.70018","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009321680","display_name":"Alberto Guti\u00e9rrez-Gallego","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5038-9419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121748325","display_name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/02p0gd045","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121748325"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Gutierrez\u2010Gallego","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biztools S.L.  Madrid Spain","Department of Computer Architecture and Automatics Universidad Complutense de Madrid  Madrid Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5038-9419","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biztools S.L.  Madrid Spain","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Architecture and Automatics Universidad Complutense de Madrid  Madrid Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121748325"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022352568","display_name":"\u00d3scar Garnica","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5064-2587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121748325","display_name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/02p0gd045","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121748325"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oscar Garnica","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Architecture and Automatics Universidad Complutense de Madrid  Madrid Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5064-2587","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Architecture and Automatics Universidad Complutense de Madrid  Madrid Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121748325"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076469630","display_name":"Daniel Parra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7460-7401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121748325","display_name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/02p0gd045","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121748325"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Parra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Architecture and Automatics Universidad Complutense de Madrid  Madrid Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7460-7401","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Architecture and Automatics Universidad Complutense de Madrid  Madrid Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121748325"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101456216","display_name":"J. Manuel Velasco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5993-2521"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121748325","display_name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/02p0gd045","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121748325"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.\u00a0Manuel Velasco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Architecture and Automatics Universidad Complutense de Madrid  Madrid Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5993-2521","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Architecture and Automatics Universidad Complutense de Madrid  Madrid Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121748325"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085569944","display_name":"J. Ignacio Hidalgo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3046-6368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121748325","display_name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/02p0gd045","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121748325"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.\u00a0Ignacio Hidalgo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Architecture and Automatics Universidad Complutense de Madrid  Madrid Spain","Institute of Knowledge Technology Universidad Complutense de Madrid  Madrid Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3046-6368","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Architecture and Automatics Universidad Complutense de Madrid  Madrid Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121748325"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Knowledge Technology Universidad Complutense de Madrid  Madrid Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121748325"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009321680"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121748325"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13903536,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"4","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.9595999717712402,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11653","display_name":"Financial Distress and Bankruptcy Prediction","score":0.9496999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/undersampling","display_name":"Undersampling","score":0.9559000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oversampling","display_name":"Oversampling","score":0.8596000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.5812000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5273000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credit-card-fraud","display_name":"Credit card fraud","score":0.49790000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4462999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.435699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credit-card","display_name":"Credit card","score":0.3610999882221222}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136536468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1225894","display_name":"Undersampling","level":2,"score":0.9559000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197323446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331222","display_name":"Oversampling","level":3,"score":0.8596000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7107999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6984000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5921000242233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.5812000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5273000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780747020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83873","display_name":"Credit card fraud","level":4,"score":0.49790000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4462999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.435699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.362199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983355114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161380","display_name":"Credit card","level":3,"score":0.3610999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178350159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162714","display_name":"Credit risk","level":2,"score":0.3490000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162040801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q799897","display_name":"Bootstrap aggregating","level":2,"score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119898033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433888","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","level":2,"score":0.34150001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.31040000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777764128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189539","display_name":"Loan","level":2,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777388754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1664594","display_name":"Bankruptcy prediction","level":3,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779806880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778470","display_name":"Probability of default","level":3,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.27149999141693115}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/isaf.70018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/isaf.70018","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/isaf.70018","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4394735491","display_name":"Intelligent systems in accounting, finance and management/Intelligent systems in accounting, finance & management","issn_l":"1550-1949","issn":["1550-1949","2160-0074"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/isaf.70018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/isaf.70018","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/isaf.70018","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4394735491","display_name":"Intelligent systems in accounting, finance and management/Intelligent systems in accounting, finance & management","issn_l":"1550-1949","issn":["1550-1949","2160-0074"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G376728412","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2021-125549OB-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3817387468","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IND2020/TIC-17435","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313831","funder_display_name":"Comunidad de Madrid"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G413187505","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IND2020/TIC\u201017435","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313831","funder_display_name":"Comunidad de Madrid"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313831","display_name":"Comunidad de Madrid","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415176294.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415176294.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1546047689","https://openalex.org/W1563938718","https://openalex.org/W1576442155","https://openalex.org/W1583031633","https://openalex.org/W1754612754","https://openalex.org/W1864224110","https://openalex.org/W1976896995","https://openalex.org/W1994410331","https://openalex.org/W2012290523","https://openalex.org/W2012329345","https://openalex.org/W2025519999","https://openalex.org/W2033184625","https://openalex.org/W2096945460","https://openalex.org/W2099454382","https://openalex.org/W2104167780","https://openalex.org/W2117190680","https://openalex.org/W2132791018","https://openalex.org/W2136256517","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2168508521","https://openalex.org/W2209122160","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2519256788","https://openalex.org/W2523489764","https://openalex.org/W2562319768","https://openalex.org/W2590303568","https://openalex.org/W2594788739","https://openalex.org/W2830573464","https://openalex.org/W3014078607","https://openalex.org/W3031232306","https://openalex.org/W3033266910","https://openalex.org/W3135156596","https://openalex.org/W4235456164","https://openalex.org/W4247993926","https://openalex.org/W4321188315","https://openalex.org/W4379012093","https://openalex.org/W4391129573"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Data":[1],"bias":[2,33],"is":[3,37,44,112,166],"a":[4,94,104,136],"critical":[5],"challenge":[6],"in":[7,34,47,200],"machine":[8,161,211],"learning":[9,162,212],"applications":[10],"within":[11,215],"the":[12,38,99,116,120,128,209,216],"financial":[13],"and":[14,25,53,140,154,180,228],"insurance":[15,178],"sectors,":[16],"as":[17],"it":[18,146],"can":[19],"lead":[20],"to":[21,58,80,114,158,176],"misleading":[22],"risk":[23,51],"assessments":[24],"inaccurate":[26],"predictive":[27,117],"models.":[28],"A":[29],"prevalent":[30],"source":[31],"of":[32,41,119,150,202,208],"real\u2010world":[35,172],"datasets":[36],"imbalanced":[39,60,108,171],"distribution":[40],"classes,":[42,206],"which":[43],"particularly":[45],"problematic":[46],"fraud":[48,186],"detection,":[49],"credit":[50,184],"assessment,":[52],"claim":[54],"prediction.":[55],"Traditional":[56],"approaches":[57],"handling":[59],"data":[61],"often":[62],"rely":[63],"on":[64,98,168,183],"undersampling":[65,155],"or":[66,78],"oversampling":[67,153],"techniques.":[68],"However,":[69],"these":[70],"methods":[71],"may":[72],"generate":[73],"unrealistic":[74],"minority":[75,121],"class":[76,87,122],"samples":[77],"fail":[79],"perform":[81],"effectively":[82],"when":[83],"dealing":[84],"with":[85,103],"extreme":[86],"imbalances.":[88],"In":[89],"this":[90],"paper,":[91],"we":[92],"propose":[93],"configurable":[95],"technique":[96],"based":[97],"underbagging":[100],"method,":[101],"integrated":[102],"classifier":[105],"for":[106,127,204],"highly":[107,170],"datasets.":[109],"Our":[110,188],"approach":[111],"designed":[113],"enhance":[115],"accuracy":[118],"while":[123],"maintaining":[124],"robust":[125],"performance":[126,199,227],"majority":[129],"class.":[130],"We":[131],"incorporate":[132],"our":[133,219],"methodology":[134],"into":[135],"classification":[137,198,226],"ensemble":[138],"framework":[139],"evaluate":[141],"its":[142],"effectiveness":[143],"by":[144],"comparing":[145],"against":[147],"100":[148],"combinations":[149],"10":[151,159],"different":[152,160],"techniques":[156],"applied":[157],"algorithms.":[163],"The":[164],"evaluation":[165],"conducted":[167],"two":[169],"datasets:":[173],"one":[174],"related":[175],"auto":[177],"claims":[179],"another":[181],"focused":[182],"card":[185],"detection.":[187],"statistical":[189],"analysis":[190],"demonstrates":[191],"that":[192],"Balanced":[193],"Underbagged":[194],"Ensemble":[195],"achieves":[196],"superior":[197],"terms":[201],"recall":[203],"both":[205],"regardless":[207],"base":[210],"model":[213],"used":[214],"ensemble.":[217],"Furthermore,":[218],"method":[220],"finds":[221],"an":[222],"optimal":[223],"balance":[224],"between":[225],"computational":[229],"efficiency.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-15T00:00:00"}
