{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2074160174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/int.4550100804","title":"Purely neural, rule-based diagnostic systems. I. Production rules","display_name":"Purely neural, rule-based diagnostic systems. I. Production rules","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2074160174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/int.4550100804","mag":"2074160174"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/int.4550100804","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/int.4550100804","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57950554","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"0884-8173","issn":["0884-8173","1098-111X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111982666","display_name":"A. Aiello","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150716","display_name":"Istituto di Cibernetica \u201cEduardo Caianiello\u201d","ror":"https://ror.org/05cdfm144","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150716","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aldo Aiello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto di Cibernetica C.N.R., I-80072 Arco Felice, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto di Cibernetica C.N.R., I-80072 Arco Felice, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008233054","display_name":"Ernesto Burattini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150716","display_name":"Istituto di Cibernetica \u201cEduardo Caianiello\u201d","ror":"https://ror.org/05cdfm144","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150716","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ernesto Burattini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto di Cibernetica C.N.R., I-80072 Arco Felice, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto di Cibernetica C.N.R., I-80072 Arco Felice, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150716"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043776428","display_name":"Guglielmo Tamburrini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7118-6541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150716","display_name":"Istituto di Cibernetica \u201cEduardo Caianiello\u201d","ror":"https://ror.org/05cdfm144","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150716","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guglielmo Tamburrini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto di Cibernetica C.N.R., I-80072 Arco Felice, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto di Cibernetica C.N.R., I-80072 Arco Felice, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150716"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008233054"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150716"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2726,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89202021,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"8","first_page":"735","last_page":"749"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10820","display_name":"Fuzzy Logic and Control Systems","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backward-chaining","display_name":"Backward chaining","score":0.8968247175216675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7807403802871704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forward-chaining","display_name":"Forward chaining","score":0.7273548245429993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference-engine","display_name":"Inference engine","score":0.6501065492630005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expert-system","display_name":"Expert system","score":0.6220941543579102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5781649351119995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.5716809034347534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chaining","display_name":"Chaining","score":0.5632165670394897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5197696089744568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/production","display_name":"Production (economics)","score":0.5004432201385498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-system","display_name":"Rule-based system","score":0.49282148480415344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.4678422212600708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.4544646143913269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-of-inference","display_name":"Rule of inference","score":0.4374334216117859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3893102705478668}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129916263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141183","display_name":"Backward chaining","level":4,"score":0.8968247175216675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7807403802871704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142614401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q777433","display_name":"Forward chaining","level":3,"score":0.7273548245429993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46743427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1341685","display_name":"Inference engine","level":3,"score":0.6501065492630005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58328972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184609","display_name":"Expert system","level":2,"score":0.6220941543579102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5781649351119995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.5716809034347534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49020025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059099","display_name":"Chaining","level":2,"score":0.5632165670394897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5197696089744568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5004432201385498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149271511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417149","display_name":"Rule-based system","level":2,"score":0.49282148480415344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4678422212600708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4544646143913269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3746660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068763","display_name":"Rule of inference","level":2,"score":0.4374334216117859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3893102705478668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/int.4550100804","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/int.4550100804","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57950554","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"0884-8173","issn":["0884-8173","1098-111X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W179935495","https://openalex.org/W1494577133","https://openalex.org/W1540899940","https://openalex.org/W1544211475","https://openalex.org/W1914034758","https://openalex.org/W1965548659","https://openalex.org/W1986160905","https://openalex.org/W2012170877","https://openalex.org/W2020647649","https://openalex.org/W2037529930","https://openalex.org/W2108309071","https://openalex.org/W2122988375","https://openalex.org/W2140362372","https://openalex.org/W2897894404","https://openalex.org/W4299101042","https://openalex.org/W4301481549","https://openalex.org/W6790018563"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2105600282","https://openalex.org/W2399584202","https://openalex.org/W2001397031","https://openalex.org/W4297785738","https://openalex.org/W4317395868","https://openalex.org/W188597715","https://openalex.org/W2376097826","https://openalex.org/W904654316","https://openalex.org/W2938768985","https://openalex.org/W2149743823"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,45],"is":[1,48],"the":[2,25,57,71,77],"first":[3],"of":[4,42,70],"two":[5],"articles":[6],"presenting":[7],"an":[8,51],"approach":[9],"to":[10,83],"rule-based":[11],"expert":[12],"systems":[13],"for":[14],"diagnostic":[15],"tasks":[16],"exploiting":[17],"a":[18,33,40,64,91],"purely":[19],"neural":[20,92],"architecture.":[21],"Here,":[22],"we":[23],"outline":[24],"methodological":[26],"options":[27],"motivating":[28],"this":[29],"approach,":[30],"and":[31,35,79],"describe":[32],"forward":[34],"backward":[36],"chaining":[37],"mechanism":[38],"on":[39],"system":[41],"production":[43,75],"rules.":[44,76],"inference":[46],"engine":[47],"furnished":[49],"with":[50],"informative":[52],"justification":[53],"module,":[54],"which":[55],"exploits":[56],"fact":[58],"that":[59],"most":[60],"individual":[61],"neurons":[62],"get":[63],"precise":[65],"semantic":[66],"assignment":[67],"in":[68,74],"terms":[69],"literals":[72],"appearing":[73],"control":[78],"synchronization":[80],"functions":[81],"needed":[82],"schedule":[84],"these":[85],"processes":[86],"are":[87],"carried":[88],"out":[89],"by":[90],"network,":[93],"too.":[94],"\u00a9":[95],"1995":[96],"John":[97],"Wiley":[98],"&":[99],"Sons,":[100],"Inc.":[101]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}