{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2058764871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/int.4550080109","title":"Modeling tasks with mechanisms","display_name":"Modeling tasks with mechanisms","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2058764871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/int.4550080109","mag":"2058764871"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/int.4550080109","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/int.4550080109","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57950554","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"0884-8173","issn":["0884-8173","1098-111X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105366408","display_name":"\u00c1ngel R. Puerta","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angel R. Puerta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Computer Science Group, Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5479","Medical Computer Science Group, Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305\u20105479"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Computer Science Group, Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5479","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Computer Science Group, Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305\u20105479","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069923867","display_name":"Samson W. Tu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0295-7821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samson W. Tu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Computer Science Group, Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5479","Medical Computer Science Group, Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305\u20105479"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Computer Science Group, Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5479","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Computer Science Group, Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305\u20105479","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009128820","display_name":"Mark A. Musen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3325-793X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark A. Musen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Computer Science Group, Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5479","Medical Computer Science Group, Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305\u20105479"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Computer Science Group, Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5479","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Computer Science Group, Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305\u20105479","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.5825,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97180133,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"129","last_page":"152"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8343119621276855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.7189045548439026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prot\u00e9g\u00e9","display_name":"Prot\u00e9g\u00e9","score":0.6431859731674194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5960908532142639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solver","display_name":"Solver","score":0.5558960437774658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.531120777130127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-acquisition","display_name":"Knowledge acquisition","score":0.5091151595115662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4991648197174072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.4839470684528351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-knowledge","display_name":"Domain knowledge","score":0.4731277823448181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-model","display_name":"Domain model","score":0.4689231514930725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.46397122740745544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45020878314971924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.20070070028305054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.15354371070861816}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8343119621276855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.7189045548439026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779247653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2066865","display_name":"Prot\u00e9g\u00e9","level":3,"score":0.6431859731674194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5960908532142639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778770139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1966904","display_name":"Solver","level":2,"score":0.5558960437774658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.531120777130127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777220311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6423340","display_name":"Knowledge acquisition","level":2,"score":0.5091151595115662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4991648197174072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4839470684528351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207685749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088941","display_name":"Domain knowledge","level":2,"score":0.4731277823448181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92548554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2262868","display_name":"Domain model","level":3,"score":0.4689231514930725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.46397122740745544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45020878314971924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.20070070028305054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.15354371070861816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2129575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54837","display_name":"Semantic Web","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/int.4550080109","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/int.4550080109","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57950554","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"0884-8173","issn":["0884-8173","1098-111X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.18.3285","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.18.3285","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www-smi.stanford.edu/pubs/SMI_Reports/SMI-92-0428.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.34.616","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.34.616","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ksl.stanford.edu/pub/KSL_Reports/./KSL-92-30.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W73517064","https://openalex.org/W163812436","https://openalex.org/W1500065025","https://openalex.org/W1504245721","https://openalex.org/W1564273860","https://openalex.org/W1965407031","https://openalex.org/W1971685630","https://openalex.org/W1975033347","https://openalex.org/W1991471462","https://openalex.org/W1996948511","https://openalex.org/W2016629846","https://openalex.org/W2020764148","https://openalex.org/W2023580483","https://openalex.org/W2035346816","https://openalex.org/W2038386889","https://openalex.org/W2038816187","https://openalex.org/W2054680307","https://openalex.org/W2086200448","https://openalex.org/W2092321832","https://openalex.org/W2092622686","https://openalex.org/W2113918763","https://openalex.org/W2121991709","https://openalex.org/W2207368595","https://openalex.org/W2915007872","https://openalex.org/W4230806689","https://openalex.org/W6603521997"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2086200448","https://openalex.org/W2113918763","https://openalex.org/W2121991709","https://openalex.org/W1970585683","https://openalex.org/W2915007872","https://openalex.org/W2137079713","https://openalex.org/W2038386889","https://openalex.org/W1524870477","https://openalex.org/W2166957636","https://openalex.org/W1994945260","https://openalex.org/W286115772","https://openalex.org/W1557619604","https://openalex.org/W2051905507","https://openalex.org/W2035346816","https://openalex.org/W1991471462","https://openalex.org/W1971685630","https://openalex.org/W1564273860","https://openalex.org/W1540886279","https://openalex.org/W1876793518","https://openalex.org/W1586538145"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Building":[0],"a":[1,115,175,182],"problem":[2,140],"solver":[3],"and":[4,31,51,59,61,99,134,161],"acquiring":[5],"the":[6,13,29,33,37,86,95,124,128,135,139,142,147,158,164,171],"knowledge":[7,18,24,186],"needed":[8],"to":[9,20,48,62,108,122],"operate":[10],"it":[11],"are":[12],"two":[14,154],"central":[15],"goals":[16],"of":[17,28,32,35,79,88,97,126,131,138,144,149,177,184],"engineering.":[19],"achieve":[21],"these":[22,80,103],"goals,":[23],"engineers":[25],"construct":[26,109],"models":[27,64],"domain":[30,160],"task":[34],"interest.":[36],"various":[38],"approaches":[39],"used":[40],"for":[41,174],"modeling,":[42],"however,":[43],"have":[44],"so":[45],"far":[46],"failed":[47],"define":[49],"methods":[50,121],"techniques":[52],"that":[53,65,77,118,179],"can":[54,66,82,105],"be":[55,67,83,106],"applied":[56],"across":[57],"domains":[58],"tasks,":[60,127,145],"produce":[63],"reused":[68],"in":[69],"future":[70],"applications.":[71],"In":[72,167],"this":[73],"article,":[74],"we":[75,169],"propose":[76],"both":[78],"objectives":[81],"achieved":[84],"by":[85],"use":[87],"building":[89],"blocks":[90],"called":[91],"mechanisms.":[92],"We":[93,112],"examine":[94],"composition":[96],"mechanisms":[98,104,178],"also":[100],"show":[101],"how":[102],"manipulated":[107],"problemsolving":[110],"methods.":[111],"present":[113],"PROT\u00c9G\u00c9-II,":[114,150],"knowledge-acquisition":[116,132],"shell":[117],"uses":[119],"problem-solving":[120],"drive":[123],"modeling":[125,143],"automatic":[129],"generation":[130],"tools,":[133],"control":[136],"flow":[137],"solver.":[141],"within":[146],"context":[148],"is":[151],"illustrated":[152],"with":[153],"examples:":[155],"one":[156],"from":[157,163],"game":[159],"another":[162],"medical-therapy":[165],"domain.":[166],"addition,":[168],"introduce":[170],"conceptual":[172],"basis":[173],"library":[176],"serves":[180],"as":[181],"repository":[183],"reusable":[185],"components.":[187],"\u00a9":[188],"1993":[189],"John":[190],"Wiley":[191],"&":[192],"Sons,":[193],"Inc.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}