{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2167299827","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ima.1850050305","title":"Nonlinear global and local document degradation models","display_name":"Nonlinear global and local document degradation models","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2167299827","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ima.1850050305","mag":"2167299827"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/ima.1850050305","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ima.1850050305","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S15952048","display_name":"International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology","issn_l":"0899-9457","issn":["0899-9457","1098-1098"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052200294","display_name":"Tapas Kanungo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tapas Kanungo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, FT-10, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, FT-10, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103500270","display_name":"Robert M. Haralick","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert M. Haralick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, FT-10, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, FT-10, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078989631","display_name":"Ihsin T. Phillips","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ihsin Phillips","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, FT-10, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, FT-10, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3450,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3450},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3513,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90006227,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"3","first_page":"220","last_page":"230"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11301","display_name":"Advanced Surface Polishing Techniques","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11212","display_name":"Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis","score":0.9699000120162964,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.7507807016372681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.6192430853843689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distortion","display_name":"Distortion (music)","score":0.6127824783325195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.58294278383255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speckle-pattern","display_name":"Speckle pattern","score":0.5720962882041931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.4747374951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective-distortion","display_name":"Perspective distortion","score":0.45546990633010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.42640674114227295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4157807230949402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37504011392593384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3707283139228821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.26769691705703735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.22163796424865723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.13097018003463745}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.7507807016372681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.6192430853843689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.6127824783325195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.58294278383255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102290492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575045","display_name":"Speckle pattern","level":2,"score":0.5720962882041931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.4747374951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779989122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15889487","display_name":"Perspective distortion","level":3,"score":0.45546990633010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.42640674114227295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4157807230949402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37504011392593384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3707283139228821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.26769691705703735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.22163796424865723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.13097018003463745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/ima.1850050305","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ima.1850050305","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S15952048","display_name":"International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology","issn_l":"0899-9457","issn":["0899-9457","1098-1098"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W46721681","https://openalex.org/W586161652","https://openalex.org/W1564419782","https://openalex.org/W1575208710","https://openalex.org/W1592735339","https://openalex.org/W2069537876","https://openalex.org/W2117400280","https://openalex.org/W2135901244","https://openalex.org/W2143789285","https://openalex.org/W2156535047","https://openalex.org/W2158928168","https://openalex.org/W2169786363","https://openalex.org/W2473115073","https://openalex.org/W2510498474","https://openalex.org/W2911709767","https://openalex.org/W4301409532"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2786887078","https://openalex.org/W2800536624","https://openalex.org/W3128004133","https://openalex.org/W2620715523","https://openalex.org/W2564409918","https://openalex.org/W3115594293","https://openalex.org/W2999630082","https://openalex.org/W343952165","https://openalex.org/W2046740589","https://openalex.org/W3203372841"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Two":[1],"sources":[2],"of":[3,48,52,99,106,111,114,120],"document":[4],"degradation":[5,22],"are":[6],"modeled:":[7],"(1)":[8],"perspective":[9,46],"distortion":[10,39,78],"that":[11],"occurs":[12],"while":[13],"photocopying":[14],"or":[15],"scanning":[16,29],"thick,":[17],"bound":[18],"documents;":[19],"and":[20,30,36,54],"(2)":[21],"due":[23],"to":[24,61,117],"perturbation":[25],"in":[26,72,102],"the":[27,44,49,64,88,104,112,115,118,121,124],"optical":[28,50,77],"digitization":[31],"process:":[32],"speckle,":[33],"blurr,":[34],"jitter,":[35],"threshold.":[37],"Perspective":[38],"is":[40,59,80,90,93,108,127],"modeled":[41,81,128],"by":[42,95,129],"studying":[43],"underlying":[45],"geometry":[47],"system":[51],"photocopiers":[53],"scanners.":[55],"An":[56],"illumination":[57],"model":[58],"described":[60],"account":[62],"for":[63],"nonlinear":[65],"intensity":[66],"change":[67],"occurring":[68],"across":[69],"a":[70,73,84,96,109,130],"page":[71],"perspective\u2010distorted":[74],"document.":[75],"The":[76],"process":[79],"morphologically.":[82],"First,":[83],"distance":[85,113],"transform":[86],"on":[87],"foreground":[89],"performed;":[91],"this":[92],"followed":[94],"random":[97],"inversion":[98],"binary":[100],"pixels":[101,126],"which":[103],"probability":[105],"flip":[107],"function":[110],"pixel":[116],"boundary":[119],"foreground.":[122],"Correlating":[123],"flipped":[125],"morphological":[131],"closing":[132],"operation.\u00a91994":[133],"John":[134],"Wiley":[135],"&amp;":[136],"Sons":[137],"Inc":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
