{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2082816515","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ima.1850050212","title":"Application of ionospheric tomography to single\u2010site location range estimation","display_name":"Application of ionospheric tomography to single\u2010site location range estimation","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2082816515","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ima.1850050212","mag":"2082816515"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/ima.1850050212","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ima.1850050212","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S15952048","display_name":"International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology","issn_l":"0899-9457","issn":["0899-9457","1098-1098"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049101094","display_name":"G. S. Bust","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6910-3989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482719","display_name":"Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/053wph561","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4388482719","https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. S. Bust","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, P.O. Box 8029 Austin, Texas 78713\u20138029","Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, P.O. Box 8029, Austin, Texas 78713-8029"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, P.O. Box 8029 Austin, Texas 78713\u20138029","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388482719","https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, P.O. Box 8029, Austin, Texas 78713-8029","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388482719","https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057646510","display_name":"J. A. Cook","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482719","display_name":"Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/053wph561","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4388482719","https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. A. Cook","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, P.O. Box 8029 Austin, Texas 78713\u20138029","Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, P.O. Box 8029, Austin, Texas 78713-8029"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, P.O. Box 8029 Austin, Texas 78713\u20138029","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388482719","https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, P.O. Box 8029, Austin, Texas 78713-8029","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388482719","https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035165636","display_name":"G. Kronschnabl","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482719","display_name":"Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/053wph561","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4388482719","https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. R. Kronschnabl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, P.O. Box 8029 Austin, Texas 78713\u20138029","Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, P.O. Box 8029, Austin, Texas 78713-8029"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, P.O. Box 8029 Austin, Texas 78713\u20138029","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388482719","https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, P.O. Box 8029, Austin, Texas 78713-8029","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388482719","https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028698723","display_name":"C. J. Vasicek","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482719","display_name":"Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/053wph561","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4388482719","https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. J. Vasicek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, P.O. Box 8029 Austin, Texas 78713\u20138029","Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, P.O. Box 8029, Austin, Texas 78713-8029"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, P.O. Box 8029 Austin, Texas 78713\u20138029","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388482719","https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, P.O. Box 8029, Austin, Texas 78713-8029","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388482719","https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005380006","display_name":"S. Ward","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482719","display_name":"Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/053wph561","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4388482719","https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. B. Ward","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, P.O. Box 8029 Austin, Texas 78713\u20138029","Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, P.O. Box 8029, Austin, Texas 78713-8029"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, P.O. Box 8029 Austin, Texas 78713\u20138029","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388482719","https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, P.O. Box 8029, Austin, Texas 78713-8029","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388482719","https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3450,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3450},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":43.6128,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99458258,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"2","first_page":"160","last_page":"168"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionosonde","display_name":"Ionosonde","score":0.9080431461334229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.7503364682197571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionosphere","display_name":"Ionosphere","score":0.6439091563224792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.5396672487258911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.49428510665893555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.4668470323085785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4486517906188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tomography","display_name":"Tomography","score":0.44698429107666016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4454546272754669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-propagation","display_name":"Radio propagation","score":0.4232845902442932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.25589895248413086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.24504056572914124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-density","display_name":"Electron density","score":0.21264255046844482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.16820189356803894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysics","display_name":"Geophysics","score":0.11863911151885986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron","display_name":"Electron","score":0.10463741421699524}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184850221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3801433","display_name":"Ionosonde","level":4,"score":0.9080431461334229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.7503364682197571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.6439091563224792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.5396672487258911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.49428510665893555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4668470323085785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4486517906188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841267","display_name":"Tomography","level":2,"score":0.44698429107666016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4454546272754669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202311505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474701","display_name":"Radio propagation","level":2,"score":0.4232845902442932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.25589895248413086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.24504056572914124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125485243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905186","display_name":"Electron density","level":3,"score":0.21264255046844482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.16820189356803894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.11863911151885986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147120987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225","display_name":"Electron","level":2,"score":0.10463741421699524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/ima.1850050212","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ima.1850050212","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S15952048","display_name":"International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology","issn_l":"0899-9457","issn":["0899-9457","1098-1098"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.44.505","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.44.505","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.arlut.utexas.edu/~engb/postscript/jist.ps","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312994","display_name":"Southwest Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03tghng59"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332222","display_name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W659120338","https://openalex.org/W1983248768","https://openalex.org/W2015069653","https://openalex.org/W2015813905","https://openalex.org/W2021059374","https://openalex.org/W2050722083","https://openalex.org/W2061390890","https://openalex.org/W2153568285","https://openalex.org/W2161238561"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988654751","https://openalex.org/W2031683143","https://openalex.org/W3086390418","https://openalex.org/W2048571334","https://openalex.org/W1900043198","https://openalex.org/W1678433171","https://openalex.org/W2246585632","https://openalex.org/W2044911274","https://openalex.org/W2151113703","https://openalex.org/W2478288433"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,20,67],"estimation":[2,25],"of":[3,56,69,82,93],"transmitter":[4,33],"location":[5,24],"based":[6],"on":[7],"radio":[8],"frequency":[9],"reception":[10],"at":[11,63,71,114],"a":[12,18,52,101,134],"single":[13],"site":[14],"has":[15,26],"long":[16],"been":[17],"challenge.":[19],"standard":[21],"technique":[22,45,74],"for":[23,40],"typically":[27],"used":[28],"an":[29,91],"active":[30],"local":[31,38,162,181],"vertical":[32],"(ionosonde)":[34],"to":[35,77,107,123],"characterize":[36],"the":[37,57,79,83,125,130,138,145,161,180],"ionosphere":[39,84],"propagation":[41,58,156,175],"path":[42,59,157,176],"modeling.":[43],"A":[44],"that":[46,167],"is":[47,60],"totally":[48],"passive":[49,170],"and":[50,141],"yields":[51],"more":[53],"comprehensive":[54],"estimate":[55,124],"under":[61],"development":[62],"Applied":[64],"Research":[65],"Laboratories,":[66],"University":[68],"Texas":[70,106],"Austin.":[72],"This":[73],"uses":[75],"tomography":[76,121],"describe":[78],"two\u2010dimensional":[80],"state":[81],"over":[85],"wide":[86],"ionospheric":[87,174],"swaths.":[88],"ARL:UT":[89],"deployed":[90],"array":[92,140],"Transit":[94,111],"satellite":[95,146],"receivers":[96],"in":[97,129],"nine":[98,116],"locations":[99,117],"along":[100,144],"2000\u2010km":[102],"baseline":[103],"from":[104],"Pharr,":[105],"Pierre,":[108],"South":[109],"Dakota.":[110],"signals":[112],"received":[113],"these":[115],"were":[118,151],"analyzed":[119],"using":[120,160],"algorithms":[122],"electron":[126],"density":[127],"distribution":[128],"plane":[131],"defined":[132],"by":[133],"\u201cbest\u2010fit\u201d":[135],"arc":[136,143],"through":[137],"receiver":[139],"best\u2010fit":[142],"orbital":[147],"path.":[148],"Tomographic":[149],"results":[150,165],"then":[152],"compared":[153],"with":[154],"conventional":[155],"estimates":[158,177],"obtained":[159],"ionosonde.":[163],"Initial":[164],"indicate":[166],"this":[168],"completely":[169],"system":[171],"will":[172],"provide":[173],"better":[178],"than":[179],"ionosonde":[182],"method.\u00a91994":[183],"John":[184],"Wiley":[185],"&":[186],"Sons":[187],"Inc":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}