{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1998791174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ett.4460030405","title":"A comparison of coherent digital PPM with PCM","display_name":"A comparison of coherent digital PPM with PCM","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1998791174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ett.4460030405","mag":"1998791174"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/ett.4460030405","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ett.4460030405","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393917101","display_name":"European Transactions on Telecommunications","issn_l":"1124-318X","issn":["1124-318X","1541-8251"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Transactions on Telecommunications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010372725","display_name":"R.A. Cryan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert A. Cryan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical an Electronic Engineering Faculty of Science and Engineering John Dalton Building Chester Street, Manchester England M15GD"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical an Electronic Engineering Faculty of Science and Engineering John Dalton Building Chester Street, Manchester England M15GD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075413014","display_name":"R.T. Unwin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133837150","display_name":"University of Huddersfield","ror":"https://ror.org/05t1h8f27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rodney T. Unwin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic and Communications Group, School of Engineering, Huddersfield Polytechnic Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic and Communications Group, School of Engineering, Huddersfield Polytechnic Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073971759","display_name":"A.J. Massarella","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133837150","display_name":"University of Huddersfield","ror":"https://ror.org/05t1h8f27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alistair J. Massarella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic and Communications Group, School of Engineering, Huddersfield Polytechnic Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic and Communications Group, School of Engineering, Huddersfield Polytechnic Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114377726","display_name":"Martin J. N. Sibley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6885-3390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133837150","display_name":"University of Huddersfield","ror":"https://ror.org/05t1h8f27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin J. N. Sibley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic and Communications Group, School of Engineering, Huddersfield Polytechnic Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic and Communications Group, School of Engineering, Huddersfield Polytechnic Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066486839","display_name":"I. Garrett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1708-623X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1332878012","display_name":"BT Group (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00kv9pj15","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332878012"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian Garrett","raw_affiliation_strings":["British Telecom Research Laboratories Martlesham Heath, Ipswich, IP5 7RE","British Telecom Research Labs, Martlesham Heath, Ipswich, IP5 7RE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"British Telecom Research Laboratories Martlesham Heath, Ipswich, IP5 7RE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332878012"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"British Telecom Research Labs, Martlesham Heath, Ipswich, IP5 7RE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332878012"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.8866,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97207743,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"4","first_page":"331","last_page":"340"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-position-modulation","display_name":"Pulse-position modulation","score":0.7201676368713379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterodyne","display_name":"Heterodyne (poetry)","score":0.7128683924674988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-shift-keying","display_name":"Frequency-shift keying","score":0.7039405703544617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.5674275159835815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.5417876839637756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterodyne-detection","display_name":"Heterodyne detection","score":0.480338454246521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.43400678038597107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-code-modulation","display_name":"Pulse-code modulation","score":0.4178808033466339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-communication","display_name":"Optical communication","score":0.4143766760826111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.41114550828933716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.40471214056015015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.36033451557159424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3432157635688782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2833671569824219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23395085334777832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse","display_name":"Pulse (music)","score":0.22986477613449097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-amplitude-modulation","display_name":"Pulse-amplitude modulation","score":0.22439637780189514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demodulation","display_name":"Demodulation","score":0.1740884780883789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.14463120698928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.09995105862617493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.09360349178314209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.07478034496307373}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46035914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1767289","display_name":"Pulse-position modulation","level":5,"score":0.7201676368713379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780497637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16938394","display_name":"Heterodyne (poetry)","level":2,"score":0.7128683924674988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163996819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1166054","display_name":"Frequency-shift keying","level":4,"score":0.7039405703544617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5674275159835815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5417876839637756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204003914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760140","display_name":"Heterodyne detection","level":3,"score":0.480338454246521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.43400678038597107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160987145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13043846","display_name":"Pulse-code modulation","level":3,"score":0.4178808033466339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.4143766760826111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.41114550828933716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.40471214056015015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.36033451557159424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3432157635688782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2833671569824219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23395085334777832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780167933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550652","display_name":"Pulse (music)","level":3,"score":0.22986477613449097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20518276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186130","display_name":"Pulse-amplitude modulation","level":4,"score":0.22439637780189514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195251586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185939","display_name":"Demodulation","level":3,"score":0.1740884780883789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.14463120698928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.09995105862617493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.09360349178314209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.07478034496307373}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/ett.4460030405","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ett.4460030405","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393917101","display_name":"European Transactions on Telecommunications","issn_l":"1124-318X","issn":["1124-318X","1541-8251"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Transactions on Telecommunications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.hud.ac.uk:2865","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/2865/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401852","display_name":"University of Huddersfield Repository (University of Huddersfield)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I133837150","host_organization_name":"University of Huddersfield","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/f851be0a-797d-4de1-ae36-2a238e339377","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0026884692&partnerID=8YFLogxK","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402508","display_name":"Huddersfield Research Portal (University of Huddersfield)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I133837150","host_organization_name":"University of Huddersfield","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cryan, R A, Unwin, R T, Massarella, A J, Sibley, M J N & Garrett, I 1992, 'A comparison of coherent digital PPM with PCM', European Transactions on Telecommunications, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 331-340. https://doi.org/10.1002/ett.4460030405","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W635975830","https://openalex.org/W829174386","https://openalex.org/W1910364047","https://openalex.org/W1964097932","https://openalex.org/W1976622589","https://openalex.org/W1977348414","https://openalex.org/W1979498071","https://openalex.org/W2019866088","https://openalex.org/W2035749481","https://openalex.org/W2036696237","https://openalex.org/W2045456583","https://openalex.org/W2090461301","https://openalex.org/W2123830558","https://openalex.org/W2145318585","https://openalex.org/W2149731658","https://openalex.org/W2171951645","https://openalex.org/W2505268877","https://openalex.org/W4229877414","https://openalex.org/W4230155684","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W7032977556"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1986137849","https://openalex.org/W4320929577","https://openalex.org/W2122837856","https://openalex.org/W1964388845","https://openalex.org/W2106592782","https://openalex.org/W2364953721","https://openalex.org/W1998735284","https://openalex.org/W2378288134","https://openalex.org/W2357206083","https://openalex.org/W2135315441"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Digital":[1],"pulse":[2],"position":[3],"modulation":[4,9],"(PPM)":[5],"is":[6],"a":[7,35,43,63],"preferred":[8],"format":[10],"for":[11,26,76],"the":[12,27],"ideal":[13],"photon":[14],"counting":[15],"channel":[16],"and":[17,38,56,60,68],"optical":[18,29],"intersateilite":[19],"links.":[20],"Here":[21],"we":[22],"examine":[23],"its":[24],"potential":[25],"coherent":[28,53],"fibre":[30,66,80],"communications":[31],"channel.":[32],"We":[33,73],"present":[34],"thorough":[36],"performance":[37],"optimisation":[39],"analysis.":[40],"Comparisons,":[41],"at":[42],"wavelength":[44],"of":[45,65,91],"1.5":[46],"\u03bcm,":[47],"are":[48],"made":[49],"with":[50],"shot\u2010noise":[51],"limited":[52],"PCM":[54],"(homodyne":[55],"heterodyne":[57],"ASK,":[58],"FSK":[59],"PSK)":[61],"over":[62,95],"range":[64],"band\u2010widths":[67],"varying":[69],"PPM":[70,84],"word":[71],"size.":[72],"conclude":[74],"that":[75],"moderate":[77],"to":[78],"high":[79],"bandwidths":[81],"homodyne":[82],"digital":[83],"should":[85],"achieve":[86],"an":[87],"improvement":[88],"in":[89],"sensitivity":[90],"typically":[92],"5":[93],"dB":[94],"homo\u2010dyne":[96],"PSK":[97],"PCM.":[98]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-23T06:36:01.041984","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}