{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406045382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.4419","title":"Pipeline ShiftAddNet: An FPGA\u2010Based CNN Implementation With Low Hardware Consumption Targeting Constrained Devices","display_name":"Pipeline ShiftAddNet: An FPGA\u2010Based CNN Implementation With Low Hardware Consumption Targeting Constrained Devices","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406045382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.4419"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/cta.4419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.4419","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/cta.4419","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S92132303","display_name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","issn_l":"0098-9886","issn":["0098-9886","1097-007X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/cta.4419","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110658007","display_name":"Wei\u2010Pau Kiat","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I931681460","display_name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","ror":"https://ror.org/050pq4m56","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei\u2010Pau Kiat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman  Kampar Malaysia","Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman  Kampar Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wai Kong\u00a0Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-8979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I931681460","display_name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","ror":"https://ror.org/050pq4m56","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wai Kong\u00a0Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman  Kampar Malaysia","Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-8979","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman  Kampar Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016964173","display_name":"Hung\u2010Khoon Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9964-7186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I931681460","display_name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","ror":"https://ror.org/050pq4m56","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hung\u2010Khoon Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman  Kampar Malaysia","Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman  Kampar Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009152648","display_name":"Hui\u2010Fuang Ng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4394-2770"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I931681460","display_name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","ror":"https://ror.org/050pq4m56","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui\u2010Fuang Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman  Kampar Malaysia","Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman  Kampar Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"],"apc_list":{"value":3660,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3660},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8977,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70214046,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"9","first_page":"5538","last_page":"5547"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.8044685125350952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.7777551412582397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6449766159057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.6001613140106201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5895522832870483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.32816940546035767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09831744432449341}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.8044685125350952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.7777551412582397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6449766159057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.6001613140106201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5895522832870483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.32816940546035767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09831744432449341}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/cta.4419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.4419","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/cta.4419","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S92132303","display_name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","issn_l":"0098-9886","issn":["0098-9886","1097-007X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/cta.4419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.4419","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/cta.4419","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S92132303","display_name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","issn_l":"0098-9886","issn":["0098-9886","1097-007X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321398","display_name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","ror":"https://ror.org/050pq4m56"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406045382.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406045382.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2884780389","https://openalex.org/W2949619037","https://openalex.org/W3034344052","https://openalex.org/W3094213821","https://openalex.org/W3100742769","https://openalex.org/W3125729979","https://openalex.org/W3174389152","https://openalex.org/W4211085526","https://openalex.org/W4378904306","https://openalex.org/W4384697810","https://openalex.org/W4384788057","https://openalex.org/W4387905748","https://openalex.org/W4390639594","https://openalex.org/W4391769184","https://openalex.org/W6784464299"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2111241003","https://openalex.org/W2355315220","https://openalex.org/W4200391368","https://openalex.org/W2096844293","https://openalex.org/W2363944576","https://openalex.org/W2351041855","https://openalex.org/W2570254841","https://openalex.org/W1967938402","https://openalex.org/W2386041993","https://openalex.org/W1608572506"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"ShiftAddNet":[1,34,46],"is":[2,146,195],"a":[3,67,113,135,158,179],"recently":[4],"proposed":[5,112,130,162],"multiplier\u2010less":[6,100,188],"CNN":[7,189],"that":[8,153],"replaces":[9],"conventional":[10],"multiplication":[11],"with":[12],"cheaper":[13],"shift":[14],"and":[15,43,59,82,104,122,204],"add":[16],"operations,":[17],"which":[18,38,85,145],"makes":[19],"it":[20],"suitable":[21],"for":[22],"hardware":[23],"implementation.":[24],"In":[25],"this":[26,73,108],"paper,":[27],"we":[28,111],"present":[29],"the":[30,48,52,80,127,150,161,172,186],"first":[31],"implementation":[32],"of":[33,51,141,175,182],"FPGA":[35],"inference":[36],"core,":[37],"achieves":[39],"low":[40],"area":[41],"consumption":[42],"fast":[44],"computation.":[45],"combined":[47],"convolutional":[49],"layer":[50],"DeepShift\u2010PS":[53,103],"(denoted":[54,61],"as":[55,62,169],"Shift\u2010Accumulate,":[56],"sac":[57,81,121],")":[58,65],"AdderNet":[60],"Add\u2010Accumulate,":[63],"aac":[64,83,123],"into":[66],"single":[68],"computational":[69],"stage.":[70],"Due":[71],"to":[72,98,116,171,185],"reason,":[74],"there":[75],"are":[76],"data":[77],"dependencies":[78],"between":[79,120],",":[84,124],"prohibits":[86],"them":[87],"from":[88],"being":[89],"executed":[90],"in":[91,94,198],"parallel,":[92],"resulting":[93],"more":[95],"operations":[96],"compared":[97,170],"other":[99],"CNNs":[101],"like":[102],"AdderNet.":[105],"To":[106],"overcome":[107],"performance":[109],"bottleneck,":[110],"novel":[114],"technique":[115],"allow":[117],"pipeline":[118,163],"processing":[119],"effectively":[125],"reducing":[126],"latency.":[128],"The":[129],"ShiftAddNet\u201018":[131],"was":[132],"evaluated":[133],"on":[134],"small":[136],"ResNet\u201018,":[137],"achieving":[138],"11.37":[139],"ms":[140,168],"latency":[142,180,199],"per":[143],"image,":[144],"69.21%":[147],"faster":[148],"than":[149],"original":[151,173],"version":[152,174],"takes":[154],"19.24":[155],"ms.":[156],"On":[157],"denser":[159],"network,":[160],"ShiftAddNet\u2010101":[164],"requires":[165],"only":[166],"61.92":[167],"98.85":[176],"ms,":[177],"showing":[178],"reduction":[181],"37.1%.":[183],"Compared":[184],"state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art":[187],"core":[190],"(e.g.,":[191],"AdderNet),":[192],"our":[193],"work":[194],"20%":[196],"slower":[197],"but":[200],"provides":[201],"higher":[202],"accuracy":[203],"consumes":[205],"less":[206],"DSP.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}