{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416945491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.70472","title":"Deep Learning Architectures for Software Fault Prediction: The Impact of Error\u2010Type Metrics and Class Imbalance","display_name":"Deep Learning Architectures for Software Fault Prediction: The Impact of Error\u2010Type Metrics and Class Imbalance","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416945491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.70472"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/cpe.70472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.70472","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/cpe.70472","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S11065456","display_name":"Concurrency and Computation Practice and Experience","issn_l":"1532-0626","issn":["1532-0626","1532-0634"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/cpe.70472","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017625768","display_name":"Khoa Phung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9341-2033"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178535277","display_name":"University of the West of England","ror":"https://ror.org/02nwg5t34","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178535277"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Khoa Phung","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Creative Technologies University of the West of England  Bristol UK","School of Computing and Creative Technologies, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9341-2033","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Creative Technologies University of the West of England  Bristol UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178535277"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Creative Technologies, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178535277"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100723909","display_name":"Mehmet Emin Ayd\u0131n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4890-5648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178535277","display_name":"University of the West of England","ror":"https://ror.org/02nwg5t34","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178535277"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I53210213","display_name":"Istanbul Commerce University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v3kkq53","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53210213"]}],"countries":["GB","TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehmet E. Aydin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering Istanbul Commerce University  Istanbul Turkiye","School of Computing and Creative Technologies University of the West of England  Bristol UK","Department of Industrial Engineering, Istanbul Commerce University, Istanbul, Turkiye","School of Computing and Creative Technologies, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering Istanbul Commerce University  Istanbul Turkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53210213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Creative Technologies University of the West of England  Bristol UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178535277"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Istanbul Commerce University, Istanbul, Turkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53210213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Creative Technologies, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178535277"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009384526","display_name":"Emmanuel Ogunshile","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6276-188X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178535277","display_name":"University of the West of England","ror":"https://ror.org/02nwg5t34","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178535277"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emmanuel Ogunshile","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Creative Technologies University of the West of England  Bristol UK","School of Computing and Creative Technologies, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Creative Technologies University of the West of England  Bristol UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178535277"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Creative Technologies, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178535277"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017625768"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178535277"],"apc_list":{"value":5140,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5140},"apc_paid":{"value":5140,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5140},"fwci":7.1396,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97036244,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.7153000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.7153000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.08990000188350677,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.07739999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.6524999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6463000178337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oversampling","display_name":"Oversampling","score":0.6212999820709229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/java","display_name":"Java","score":0.576200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5052000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.48339998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-metric","display_name":"Software metric","score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4442000091075897}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8525000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6728000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.6524999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6463000178337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6315000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197323446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331222","display_name":"Oversampling","level":3,"score":0.6212999820709229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548217200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251","display_name":"Java","level":2,"score":0.576200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5052000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.48339998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82214349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657339","display_name":"Software metric","level":5,"score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4442000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.42879998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.42750000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780898871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Performance metric","level":2,"score":0.42489999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3995000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.33309999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.32839998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.32670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.32179999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1009929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179550","display_name":"Software bug","level":3,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35869016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846636","display_name":"Software architecture","level":3,"score":0.2574999928474426}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/cpe.70472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.70472","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/cpe.70472","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S11065456","display_name":"Concurrency and Computation Practice and Experience","issn_l":"1532-0626","issn":["1532-0626","1532-0634"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/cpe.70472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.70472","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/cpe.70472","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S11065456","display_name":"Concurrency and Computation Practice and Experience","issn_l":"1532-0626","issn":["1532-0626","1532-0634"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416945491.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416945491.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W139960808","https://openalex.org/W1480376833","https://openalex.org/W1556779599","https://openalex.org/W1655956671","https://openalex.org/W1831057787","https://openalex.org/W1949988555","https://openalex.org/W1993220166","https://openalex.org/W1998025025","https://openalex.org/W2016944307","https://openalex.org/W2044802063","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2082290707","https://openalex.org/W2097883090","https://openalex.org/W2108161968","https://openalex.org/W2113533445","https://openalex.org/W2117190680","https://openalex.org/W2137070227","https://openalex.org/W2140984588","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2158864412","https://openalex.org/W2167363007","https://openalex.org/W2295124130","https://openalex.org/W2371547131","https://openalex.org/W2468221858","https://openalex.org/W2470673105","https://openalex.org/W2490420619","https://openalex.org/W2493532602","https://openalex.org/W2521200981","https://openalex.org/W2616916909","https://openalex.org/W2754517384","https://openalex.org/W2783657687","https://openalex.org/W2789416185","https://openalex.org/W2796200341","https://openalex.org/W2800788706","https://openalex.org/W2808595449","https://openalex.org/W2899329739","https://openalex.org/W2900832447","https://openalex.org/W2912290085","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2922853138","https://openalex.org/W2936503027","https://openalex.org/W2937381238","https://openalex.org/W2955224058","https://openalex.org/W2955230520","https://openalex.org/W2955438753","https://openalex.org/W2963935794","https://openalex.org/W2990081314","https://openalex.org/W2994099454","https://openalex.org/W3016684754","https://openalex.org/W3034114804","https://openalex.org/W3042173389","https://openalex.org/W3046989849","https://openalex.org/W3087257704","https://openalex.org/W3110943671","https://openalex.org/W3112617867","https://openalex.org/W3113085184","https://openalex.org/W3162689995","https://openalex.org/W3187966659","https://openalex.org/W3191371655","https://openalex.org/W3207955138","https://openalex.org/W3211813532","https://openalex.org/W4206433680","https://openalex.org/W4206600618","https://openalex.org/W4229801112","https://openalex.org/W4250024550","https://openalex.org/W4254751698","https://openalex.org/W4281738175","https://openalex.org/W4297348178","https://openalex.org/W4299627282","https://openalex.org/W4312106785","https://openalex.org/W4360995220","https://openalex.org/W4367591735","https://openalex.org/W4384933091","https://openalex.org/W4387971008","https://openalex.org/W4391582487","https://openalex.org/W4391818276","https://openalex.org/W4394779318","https://openalex.org/W4395114742","https://openalex.org/W4399334390","https://openalex.org/W4403042447","https://openalex.org/W4403496861","https://openalex.org/W4405970490","https://openalex.org/W4406116057"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Software":[1],"fault":[2],"prediction":[3],"(SFP)":[4],"plays":[5],"a":[6,50],"crucial":[7],"role":[8],"in":[9,33,115,119,125,159,171,176,193],"modern":[10],"software":[11,77],"development":[12],"by":[13],"enabling":[14],"early":[15],"identification":[16],"of":[17,23,111,152,167,199],"fault\u2010prone":[18],"modules":[19],"and":[20,43,58,79,95,117,190,204],"efficient":[21],"allocation":[22],"testing":[24],"resources.":[25],"While":[26],"deep":[27,54],"learning":[28],"approaches":[29,85],"have":[30],"shown":[31],"promise":[32],"this":[34],"domain,":[35],"challenges":[36,124],"persist":[37],"regarding":[38],"architectural":[39],"choices,":[40],"metric":[41,128,191],"selection,":[42],"class":[44,162,205],"imbalance":[45,163,206],"issues.":[46,146],"This":[47],"study":[48,138],"presents":[49],"comprehensive":[51],"comparison":[52],"between":[53],"neural":[55],"networks":[56],"(DNNs)":[57],"hybrid":[59],"Graph":[60],"Neural":[61],"Network\u2010Long":[62],"Short\u2010Term":[63],"Memory":[64],"(GNN+LSTM)":[65],"models":[66,103,175],"for":[67,173,185],"SFP,":[68],"investigating":[69],"their":[70],"effectiveness":[71,151],"when":[72],"combined":[73],"with":[74,130],"both":[75],"conventional":[76],"metrics":[78,141],"error\u2010type":[80,140],"metrics.":[81],"We":[82],"evaluate":[83],"these":[84],"on":[86],"four":[87],"real\u2010world":[88],"Java":[89],"projects:":[90],"ANTLR":[91],"v4,":[92],"JUnit,":[93],"OrientDB,":[94],"Elastic":[96],"Search.":[97],"Our":[98,180],"results":[99],"demonstrate":[100],"that":[101],"GNN+LSTM":[102,174],"consistently":[104],"outperform":[105],"traditional":[106],"DNN":[107],"approaches,":[108],"achieving":[109],"improvements":[110,166],"up":[112,168],"to":[113,135,169],"4%":[114,118],"accuracy":[116,172],"F1\u2010score.":[120],"However,":[121],"we":[122,148],"identify":[123],"combining":[126],"different":[127],"sets,":[129],"performance":[131],"actually":[132],"degrading":[133],"compared":[134],"our":[136],"previous":[137],"using":[139],"alone,":[142],"suggesting":[143],"potential":[144],"multi\u2010collinearity":[145],"Additionally,":[147],"examine":[149],"the":[150,153,161,197],"synthetic":[154],"minority":[155],"oversampling":[156],"technique":[157],"(SMOTE)":[158],"addressing":[160],"issue,":[164],"observing":[165],"6.6%":[170],"severely":[177],"imbalanced":[178],"datasets.":[179],"findings":[181],"provide":[182],"practical":[183],"insights":[184],"selecting":[186],"appropriate":[187],"model":[188],"architectures":[189],"combinations":[192],"SFP":[194],"while":[195],"highlighting":[196],"importance":[198],"carefully":[200],"considering":[201],"feature":[202],"interactions":[203],"mitigation":[207],"strategies.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-12-03T00:00:00"}