{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2110359121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.4330010105","title":"The performance of a distributed combat simulation with the time warp operating system","display_name":"The performance of a distributed combat simulation with the time warp operating system","publication_year":1989,"publication_date":"1989-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2110359121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.4330010105","mag":"2110359121"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/cpe.4330010105","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.4330010105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209928","display_name":"Concurrency Practice and Experience","issn_l":"1040-3108","issn":["1040-3108","1096-9128"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Concurrency: Practice and Experience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110211115","display_name":"Frederick Wieland","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334627681","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1334627681","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frederick Wieland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91009, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91009, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334627681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026063208","display_name":"L. R. Hawley","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334627681","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1334627681","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lawrence Hawley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91009, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91009, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334627681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113483599","display_name":"A. Feinberg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157638225","display_name":"California State University, Northridge","ror":"https://ror.org/005f5hv41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157638225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abe Feinberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Management Science Department, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Management Science Department, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157638225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058008766","display_name":"Mike Di Loreto","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334627681","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1334627681","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mike Di Loreto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91009, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91009, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334627681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089569076","display_name":"L. Blume","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334627681","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1334627681","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leo Blume","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91009, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91009, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334627681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072645669","display_name":"Joseph Ruffles","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334627681","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1334627681","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Ruffles","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91009, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91009, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334627681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011624405","display_name":"Peter Reiher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5301-2246"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334627681","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1334627681","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Reiher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91009, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91009, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334627681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070110713","display_name":"Brian Beckman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334627681","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1334627681","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Beckman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91009, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91009, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334627681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058093788","display_name":"Philip Hontalas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334627681","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1334627681","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip Hontalas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91009, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91009, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334627681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022762644","display_name":"Steven F. Bellenot","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103163165","display_name":"Florida State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g3dte14","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Bellenot","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA","Dept. of Mathematics and Computer Science, Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Mathematics and Computer Science, Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029383059","display_name":"David Jefferson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3991-6038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Jefferson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.9707,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.977306,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":"35","last_page":"50"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11195","display_name":"Simulation Techniques and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11195","display_name":"Simulation Techniques and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10974","display_name":"Advanced Queuing Theory Analysis","score":0.9571999907493591,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12000","display_name":"Systems Engineering Methodologies and Applications","score":0.9451000094413757,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7834867238998413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.7141035795211792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypercube","display_name":"Hypercube","score":0.5943588018417358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.48870137333869934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4855318069458008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.48201170563697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-event-simulation","display_name":"Discrete event simulation","score":0.4786485433578491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.45825210213661194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/execution-time","display_name":"Execution time","score":0.42586591839790344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/division","display_name":"Division (mathematics)","score":0.41457894444465637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.21417656540870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.1063707172870636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.09640929102897644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.06935662031173706}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7834867238998413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.7141035795211792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50820777","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213723","display_name":"Hypercube","level":2,"score":0.5943588018417358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.48870137333869934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4855318069458008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.48201170563697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147203929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574814","display_name":"Discrete event simulation","level":2,"score":0.4786485433578491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.45825210213661194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989134064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288510","display_name":"Execution time","level":2,"score":0.42586591839790344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60798267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1226939","display_name":"Division (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41457894444465637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.21417656540870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.1063707172870636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.09640929102897644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.06935662031173706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/cpe.4330010105","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.4330010105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209928","display_name":"Concurrency Practice and Experience","issn_l":"1040-3108","issn":["1040-3108","1096-9128"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Concurrency: Practice and Experience","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309398","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W84765653","https://openalex.org/W1531818788","https://openalex.org/W1596211013","https://openalex.org/W1986155850","https://openalex.org/W2105960904","https://openalex.org/W2118900647","https://openalex.org/W2296636214","https://openalex.org/W4206466197"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4286907761","https://openalex.org/W2916710807","https://openalex.org/W2413588304","https://openalex.org/W2774705104","https://openalex.org/W2009411567","https://openalex.org/W3205447645","https://openalex.org/W2097769911","https://openalex.org/W2371629703","https://openalex.org/W2122785676","https://openalex.org/W72835634"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"paper":[2],"analyzes":[3],"the":[4,19,80,86,100,104,162,164,172],"performance":[5,55],"of":[6,18,30,47,66,69,76,99,117,131,139,144],"a":[7,13,28,44,60,64,115,129,142],"discrete\u2010event":[8],"combat":[9,50],"simulation":[10,32,51],"executed":[11],"on":[12,79,103,119,133,146],"parallel":[14,89],"processor":[15,174],"under":[16],"control":[17],"Time":[20,24,159],"Warp":[21,25],"Operating":[22],"System.":[23],"is":[26,59],"in":[27,155,168,177],"class":[29],"distributed":[31],"methods":[33,36],"called":[34,57],"Optimistic":[35],"which":[37],"have":[38],"proven":[39],"to":[40,94,158],"be":[41],"useful":[42],"over":[43],"wide":[45],"range":[46],"simulations.":[48],"The":[49,71,107,151],"used":[52],"for":[53,73],"this":[54,77],"study,":[56],"STB88,":[58],"division\u2010corps":[61],"model":[62,78,102],"incorporating":[63],"number":[65],"different":[67],"types":[68],"computations.":[70],"speed\u2010up":[72,116,130,143],"three":[74],"versions":[75,152],"Caltech/JPL":[81],"Mark":[82,121,148],"III":[83,122,149],"Hypercube":[84],"and":[85],"BBN":[87],"Butterfly":[88,135],"processors":[90],"was":[91],"measured":[92],"relative":[93],"an":[95],"efficient":[96],"sequential":[97,165],"execution":[98,166,175],"same":[101,105],"hardware.":[106],"results":[108],"indicate":[109],"that":[110],"STB88":[111,125,140],"version":[112,126],"1":[113],"achieves":[114,128],"28.6":[118],"60":[120],"processors,":[123],"while":[124,171],"2":[127,169],"36.8":[132],"100":[134,173],"processors.":[136,150],"Version":[137],"3":[138],"achieved":[141],"38.5":[145],"128":[147],"differed":[153],"only":[154],"their":[156],"interface":[157],"Warp.":[160],"On":[161],"Butterfly,":[163],"completed":[167,176],"hours,":[170],"3.2":[178],"minutes.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
