{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162801572","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cav.70137","title":"Making Faces: Evaluating Facial Control Methods in <scp>VR</scp> for Live Conversations","display_name":"Making Faces: Evaluating Facial Control Methods in <scp>VR</scp> for Live Conversations","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162801572","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cav.70137"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/cav.70137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cav.70137","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100062975","display_name":"Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds","issn_l":"1546-4261","issn":["1546-4261","1546-427X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cav.70137","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130709640","display_name":"J. K. Sangeeth Chandran","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123442","display_name":"Adaptimmune (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/038b7sx49","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123442"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144925","display_name":"Technological University Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/04t0qbt32","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144925"]}],"countries":["GB","IE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. K. Sangeeth Chandran","raw_affiliation_strings":["ADAPT Research  Ireland Ireland","School of Computer Science Technological University Dublin  Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8782-5797","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ADAPT Research  Ireland Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123442"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science Technological University Dublin  Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144925"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075843624","display_name":"Marisa Llorens Salvador","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144925","display_name":"Technological University Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/04t0qbt32","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144925"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marisa Llorens Salvador","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science Technological University Dublin  Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science Technological University Dublin  Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144925"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137319819","display_name":"Cathy Ennis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157286207","display_name":"National University of Ireland, Maynooth","ror":"https://ror.org/048nfjm95","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157286207"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123442","display_name":"Adaptimmune (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/038b7sx49","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123442"]}],"countries":["GB","IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cathy Ennis","raw_affiliation_strings":["ADAPT Research  Ireland Ireland","Department of Computer Science Maynooth University  Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ADAPT Research  Ireland Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123442"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science Maynooth University  Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157286207"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5130709640"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123442","https://openalex.org/I4210144925"],"apc_list":{"value":3040,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3040},"apc_paid":{"value":3040,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3040},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95704057,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"3","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.7461000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.7461000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.08269999921321869,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.03480000048875809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.7014999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/avatar","display_name":"Avatar","score":0.6582000255584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naturalness","display_name":"Naturalness","score":0.6266999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-motion-capture","display_name":"Facial motion capture","score":0.5665000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usable","display_name":"USable","score":0.5059000253677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-facial-animation","display_name":"Computer facial animation","score":0.3824000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.3686999976634979}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8051999807357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.7014999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777365542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83090","display_name":"Avatar","level":2,"score":0.6582000255584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134537474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17144832","display_name":"Naturalness","level":2,"score":0.6266999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98907195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428562","display_name":"Facial motion capture","level":5,"score":0.5665000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5583999752998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2471869","display_name":"USable","level":2,"score":0.5059000253677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138591656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157538","display_name":"Computer facial animation","level":4,"score":0.3824000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.3686999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.35839998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.3546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.3474999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.3343000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.3294999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83248878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q344000","display_name":"Active appearance model","level":3,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143110190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5373787","display_name":"Emotional expression","level":2,"score":0.29739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.2581000030040741}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/cav.70137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cav.70137","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100062975","display_name":"Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds","issn_l":"1546-4261","issn":["1546-4261","1546-427X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/cav.70137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cav.70137","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100062975","display_name":"Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds","issn_l":"1546-4261","issn":["1546-4261","1546-427X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G789677374","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13/RC/2106P_2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336201","funder_display_name":"ADAPT - Centre for Digital Content Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336201","display_name":"ADAPT - Centre for Digital Content Technology","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966797434","https://openalex.org/W2081428746","https://openalex.org/W2119131115","https://openalex.org/W2130736456","https://openalex.org/W2133479105","https://openalex.org/W2739192055","https://openalex.org/W3107850082","https://openalex.org/W3136072423","https://openalex.org/W3151386648","https://openalex.org/W3185481932","https://openalex.org/W4239127880","https://openalex.org/W4291720611","https://openalex.org/W4306901980","https://openalex.org/W4361281099","https://openalex.org/W4387682247","https://openalex.org/W4392405673","https://openalex.org/W4392405761","https://openalex.org/W4399007511","https://openalex.org/W4400821473","https://openalex.org/W4402754923","https://openalex.org/W4414499779"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Facial":[1],"expressions":[2],"are":[3],"a":[4,23,37,89,108,118,168],"crucial":[5],"part":[6,123],"of":[7,26,45,110,116,150,187],"affective":[8],"communication":[9],"in":[10,78,124,161,190],"our":[11],"daily":[12],"lives,":[13],"and":[14,28,69,99,137,147,159,175,178],"the":[15,43,56,125],"same":[16],"applies":[17],"to":[18,55,73,130,143],"virtual":[19],"humans.":[20],"However,":[21],"achieving":[22],"full":[24],"range":[25],"believable":[27],"naturalistic":[29],"emotional":[30],"expression":[31,77,162],"via":[32],"VR":[33,48,90,191],"devices":[34,49,192],"still":[35],"remains":[36],"challenge,":[38],"particularly":[39],"when":[40],"constrained":[41],"by":[42],"capabilities":[44],"midrange":[46],"consumer":[47],"without":[50,193],"face":[51,81],"tracking":[52,62,82,195],"as":[53,183],"opposed":[54],"more":[57,133],"expensive":[58],"versions":[59],"with":[60,95,102,112,152,172],"facial":[61,76,194],"capabilities.":[63],"In":[64],"this":[65],"study,":[66],"we":[67],"evaluated":[68],"compared":[70],"three":[71],"methods":[72],"control":[74,170,189],"avatar":[75,188],"VR:":[79],"continuous":[80],"(FT);":[83],"thumbstick":[84,100],"label":[85,101],"(TL),":[86],"which":[87,106],"is":[88,107],"controller's":[91],"thumbstick\u2010based":[92],"selection":[93],"method":[94,171,186],"visually":[96],"labeled":[97],"expression;":[98],"confirmation":[103],"button":[104],"(TB),":[105],"variation":[109],"TL":[111,136,140],"an":[113,184],"additional":[114],"step":[115],"pressing":[117],"button.":[119],"Thirty":[120],"participants":[121],"took":[122],"experiment.":[126],"Participants":[127],"found":[128],"FT":[129,144],"be":[131],"significantly":[132],"usable":[134],"than":[135],"TB.":[138],"While":[139],"was":[141],"comparable":[142],"on":[145],"co\u2010presence":[146],"several":[148],"items":[149],"expressiveness,":[151],"significant":[153],"gaps":[154],"emerging":[155],"mainly":[156],"for":[157],"naturalness":[158],"smoothness":[160],"change.":[163],"These":[164],"findings":[165],"suggest":[166],"that":[167],"well\u2010designed":[169],"low":[173,176],"latency":[174],"motor":[177],"cognitive":[179],"load":[180],"can":[181],"serve":[182],"alternative":[185],"technology.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-30T06:22:53.267495","created_date":"2026-05-30T00:00:00"}