{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1968259631","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630360605","title":"Information and productivity","display_name":"Information and productivity","publication_year":1985,"publication_date":"1985-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1968259631","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630360605","mag":"1968259631"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/asi.4630360605","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630360605","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220780","display_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","issn_l":"0002-8231","issn":["0002-8231","1097-4571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057363364","display_name":"Toni Carbo Bearman","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Toni Carbo Bearman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Executive Director, National Commission on Libraries and Information Science (NCLIS)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Executive Director, National Commission on Libraries and Information Science (NCLIS)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009572434","display_name":"Polly Guynup","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131585","display_name":"IBM (Belgium)","ror":"https://ror.org/03bjbem32","country_code":"BE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210131585"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Polly Guynup","raw_affiliation_strings":["Librarian, T. J. Watson Research Center International Business Machines Corporation"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Librarian, T. J. Watson Research Center International Business Machines Corporation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131585"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041829274","display_name":"Sandra N. Milevski","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1317680332","display_name":"Library of Congress","ror":"https://ror.org/04p405e02","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1317680332","https://openalex.org/I2800957949"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandra N. Milevski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senior Research Assistant in Information Policy and Technology Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress","Work Performed as a Consultant to NCLIS"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Research Assistant in Information Policy and Technology Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1317680332"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Work Performed as a Consultant to NCLIS","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057363364"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.2987,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95329165,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"6","first_page":"369","last_page":"375"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13642","display_name":"Organizational Downsizing and Restructuring","score":0.07129999995231628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13642","display_name":"Organizational Downsizing and Restructuring","score":0.07129999995231628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12825","display_name":"Defense, Military, and Policy Studies","score":0.06830000132322311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14185","display_name":"Research, Science, and Academia","score":0.06719999760389328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/productivity","display_name":"Productivity","score":0.8930082321166992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salary","display_name":"Salary","score":0.6709041595458984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workforce","display_name":"Workforce","score":0.5091580748558044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.48559826612472534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/production","display_name":"Production (economics)","score":0.4498556852340698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.4402669072151184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.4350263476371765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-worker","display_name":"Knowledge worker","score":0.4163467586040497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labour-economics","display_name":"Labour economics","score":0.4105178713798523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.3478695750236511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.3446672260761261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-management","display_name":"Operations management","score":0.34361228346824646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3109828233718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"Economic growth","score":0.2157948911190033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.21455156803131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.08847332000732422}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.8930082321166992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780090960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194489","display_name":"Salary","level":2,"score":0.6709041595458984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778139618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13440398","display_name":"Workforce","level":2,"score":0.5091580748558044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.48559826612472534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4498556852340698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4402669072151184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4350263476371765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779089590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1914017","display_name":"Knowledge worker","level":3,"score":0.4163467586040497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.4105178713798523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3478695750236511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3446672260761261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.34361228346824646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3109828233718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.2157948911190033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.21455156803131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.08847332000732422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/asi.4630360605","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630360605","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220780","display_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","issn_l":"0002-8231","issn":["0002-8231","1097-4571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6899999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W632117941","https://openalex.org/W644348501","https://openalex.org/W1972652904","https://openalex.org/W2001857731","https://openalex.org/W2057375580","https://openalex.org/W2156303093","https://openalex.org/W2797839261","https://openalex.org/W2902750556","https://openalex.org/W6650991835"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2368582007","https://openalex.org/W2381014559","https://openalex.org/W2350975767","https://openalex.org/W4377081005","https://openalex.org/W2369068260","https://openalex.org/W2383301438","https://openalex.org/W580780109","https://openalex.org/W2259042586","https://openalex.org/W2399860262","https://openalex.org/W4360594038"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,12,174],"growth":[2],"of":[3,32,41,45,91,113,128,135,162,185],"U.S.":[4,129,163],"productivity":[5,40,74,90,104,130,176,184,214],"has":[6,141],"been":[7],"declining":[8,126],"for":[9,14,72,87],"several":[10],"years.":[11],"reasons":[13],"this":[15,186],"decline":[16],"are":[17,100,116],"complex,":[18],"and":[19,58,69,81,98,109,171,203,206],"there":[20],"is":[21,53,166],"little":[22],"consensus":[23],"among":[24],"experts":[25],"as":[26,191],"to":[27,102,118,190,199,204],"the":[28,33,39,46,65,89,110,125,133,139,144,150,154,160,169,183],"real":[29],"cause.":[30],"Part":[31],"difficulty":[34],"lies":[35],"in":[36,50,75,123,213],"accurately":[37],"assessing":[38],"today's":[42,51],"workforce.":[43],"Much":[44],"work":[47,86],"being":[48],"done":[49],"society":[52],"based":[54],"on":[55,143,153,168],"services,":[56],"communications,":[57],"information":[59,114,208],"and,":[60],"therefore,":[61],"no":[62],"longer":[63],"fits":[64],"traditional":[66],"production":[67],"processes":[68],"techniques":[70],"used":[71],"measuring":[73,88],"an":[76],"industrial":[77],"society.":[78],"Traditional":[79],"input":[80],"output":[82],"measures":[83,97],"do":[84],"not":[85],"most":[92],"white":[93],"collar":[94,146],"workers.":[95,193],"New":[96],"definitions":[99],"needed":[101],"measure":[103],"more":[105,201,209],"accurately.":[106],"Information":[107],"technology":[108],"effective":[111],"management":[112],"resources":[115],"beginning":[117],"play":[119],"a":[120],"significant":[121,211],"role":[122],"reversing":[124],"rate":[127],"growth.":[131],"Traditionally,":[132],"introduction":[134],"new":[136],"technologies":[137],"into":[138],"workplace":[140],"focused":[142],"blue":[145],"worker":[147],"or,":[148],"within":[149],"office":[151],"environment,":[152],"secretarial":[155],"or":[156],"clerical":[157],"population.":[158,173],"However,":[159],"bulk":[161],"salary":[164],"expenditures":[165],"spent":[167],"managerial":[170],"professional":[172],"greatest":[175],"gains":[177],"can":[178,215],"be":[179,216],"realized":[180],"by":[181],"improving":[182,195],"group,":[187],"often":[188],"referred":[189],"knowledge":[192,196],"By":[194],"workers'":[197],"ability":[198],"communicate":[200],"effectively":[202],"find":[205],"use":[207],"efficiently,":[210],"improvements":[212],"realized.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}