{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2019227202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630350104","title":"Less than full\u2010text indexing using a non\u2010boolean searching model","display_name":"Less than full\u2010text indexing using a non\u2010boolean searching model","publication_year":1984,"publication_date":"1984-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2019227202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630350104","mag":"2019227202"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/asi.4630350104","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630350104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220780","display_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","issn_l":"0002-8231","issn":["0002-8231","1097-4571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054315503","display_name":"Donald B. Cleveland","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13511017","display_name":"Texas State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h9q1g27","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13511017"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Donald B. Cleveland","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Library and Information Sciences, North Texas State University, Denton TX 76203"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Library and Information Sciences, North Texas State University, Denton TX 76203","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392","https://openalex.org/I13511017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006693003","display_name":"Ana D. Cleveland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9867-9418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150913223","display_name":"Texas Woman's University","ror":"https://ror.org/04dyzkj40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150913223"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ana D. Cleveland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX 76204","Texas Woman's University , Denton , TX , 76204"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX 76204","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150913223"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Woman's University , Denton , TX , 76204","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150913223"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026659930","display_name":"Olga B. Wise","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150913223","display_name":"Texas Woman's University","ror":"https://ror.org/04dyzkj40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150913223"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olga B. Wise","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX 76204","Texas Woman's University , Denton , TX , 76204"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX 76204","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150913223"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Woman's University , Denton , TX , 76204","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150913223"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054315503"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392","https://openalex.org/I13511017"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9749,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89241448,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"1","first_page":"19","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10102","display_name":"scientometrics and bibliometrics research","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10102","display_name":"scientometrics and bibliometrics research","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12648","display_name":"Academic Writing and Publishing","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine-indexing","display_name":"Search engine indexing","score":0.856985867023468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7660294771194458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.7515388131141663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chaining","display_name":"Chaining","score":0.6920000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structuring","display_name":"Structuring","score":0.524075448513031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forward-chaining","display_name":"Forward chaining","score":0.4996500015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-boolean-model","display_name":"Standard Boolean model","score":0.42721259593963623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3344336152076721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boolean-expression","display_name":"Boolean expression","score":0.1616707146167755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boolean-function","display_name":"Boolean function","score":0.13928210735321045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11994719505310059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expert-system","display_name":"Expert system","score":0.11964249610900879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.11721235513687134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/and-inverter-graph","display_name":"And-inverter graph","score":0.0675734281539917}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75165309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2258979","display_name":"Search engine indexing","level":2,"score":0.856985867023468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7660294771194458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.7515388131141663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49020025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059099","display_name":"Chaining","level":2,"score":0.6920000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775945657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381442","display_name":"Structuring","level":2,"score":0.524075448513031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142614401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q777433","display_name":"Forward chaining","level":3,"score":0.4996500015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68481662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176197","display_name":"Standard Boolean model","level":5,"score":0.42721259593963623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3344336152076721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158465420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1979515","display_name":"Boolean expression","level":3,"score":0.1616707146167755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187455244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942353","display_name":"Boolean function","level":2,"score":0.13928210735321045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11994719505310059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58328972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184609","display_name":"Expert system","level":2,"score":0.11964249610900879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.11721235513687134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196836630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4753279","display_name":"And-inverter graph","level":4,"score":0.0675734281539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/asi.4630350104","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630350104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220780","display_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","issn_l":"0002-8231","issn":["0002-8231","1097-4571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.47999998927116394,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1558342070","https://openalex.org/W1569103053","https://openalex.org/W1969032963","https://openalex.org/W1973939477","https://openalex.org/W1979643598","https://openalex.org/W1993938274","https://openalex.org/W1996185632","https://openalex.org/W1996815925","https://openalex.org/W2012766213","https://openalex.org/W2020004724","https://openalex.org/W2040539380","https://openalex.org/W2050578350","https://openalex.org/W2056152306","https://openalex.org/W2060200801","https://openalex.org/W2062652446","https://openalex.org/W2068912589","https://openalex.org/W2071964087","https://openalex.org/W2088209891","https://openalex.org/W2168343263","https://openalex.org/W2262868838","https://openalex.org/W4318978955","https://openalex.org/W6653561738"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3027955895","https://openalex.org/W2886511220","https://openalex.org/W3159334695","https://openalex.org/W2621131456","https://openalex.org/W4238340239","https://openalex.org/W2613924724","https://openalex.org/W4321015609","https://openalex.org/W4319659930","https://openalex.org/W4296096530","https://openalex.org/W2472912427"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,55,66,96],"relative":[2],"effectiveness":[3],"of":[4,19,36,44,58,68,98],"indexing":[5,87],"using":[6,14,28,74],"full\u2010text":[7,11,86],"or":[8],"less":[9],"than":[10],"was":[12,26,47,71,101],"tested":[13],"a":[15,75,80],"non\u2010Boolean,":[16],"chaining":[17],"type":[18],"file":[20,81],"structure":[21,50],"and":[22,33,39,51,61,83],"searching":[23,84],"method.":[24],"Indexing":[25],"done":[27],"titles,":[29],"abstracts,":[30],"full\u2010text,":[31],"references,":[32],"various":[34],"combinations":[35],"these":[37],"surrogates":[38],"then":[40],"Goffman's":[41],"indirect":[42],"method":[43,78],"information":[45,93],"retrieval":[46,94],"used":[48],"to":[49,91],"search":[52],"the":[53,69,99],"file.":[54],"database":[56],"consisted":[57],"733":[59],"documents":[60],"38":[62],"queries":[63],"were":[64],"searched.":[65],"hypothesis":[67],"study":[70,100],"that":[72],"by":[73],"particular":[76],"non\u2010Boolean":[77],"as":[79],"structuring":[82],"technique,":[85],"is":[88],"not":[89],"essential":[90],"optimum":[92],"effectiveness.":[95],"outcome":[97],"positive.":[102]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
