{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2047360983","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630320209","title":"Computer technology: State of the art","display_name":"Computer technology: State of the art","publication_year":1981,"publication_date":"1981-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2047360983","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630320209","mag":"2047360983"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/asi.4630320209","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630320209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220780","display_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","issn_l":"0002-8231","issn":["0002-8231","1097-4571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083989606","display_name":"Frederic G. Withington","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149290949","display_name":"Arthur D. Little (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ddan440","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149290949"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Frederic G. Withington","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arthur D. Little, Inc., 17 Acorn Park, Cambridge, MA 02140"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arthur D. Little, Inc., 17 Acorn Park, Cambridge, MA 02140","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149290949"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083989606"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149290949"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.18642612,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"2","first_page":"124","last_page":"130"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.79830002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.79830002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.7268999814987183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7402576208114624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiprocessing","display_name":"Multiprocessing","score":0.623479425907135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.6207024455070496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.6179319620132446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronics","display_name":"Electronics","score":0.5908328890800476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emphasis","display_name":"Emphasis (telecommunications)","score":0.5126744508743286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.46666210889816284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.4304400682449341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-applications","display_name":"Computer Applications","score":0.4243726134300232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4096490144729614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.27617835998535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1571940779685974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13182955980300903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.11293354630470276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.11220061779022217}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7402576208114624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4822641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846651","display_name":"Multiprocessing","level":2,"score":0.623479425907135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.6207024455070496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6179319620132446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138331895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11650","display_name":"Electronics","level":2,"score":0.5908328890800476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177454536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578290","display_name":"Emphasis (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5126744508743286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.46666210889816284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.4304400682449341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545109879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157412","display_name":"Computer Applications","level":2,"score":0.4243726134300232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4096490144729614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.27617835998535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1571940779685974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13182955980300903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.11293354630470276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.11220061779022217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/asi.4630320209","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630320209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220780","display_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","issn_l":"0002-8231","issn":["0002-8231","1097-4571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7599999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1552718578","https://openalex.org/W1604715891","https://openalex.org/W2058505181","https://openalex.org/W2118529893","https://openalex.org/W2326683058","https://openalex.org/W4251291440"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2055105357","https://openalex.org/W2153819599","https://openalex.org/W2255426644","https://openalex.org/W2072124641","https://openalex.org/W2167093538","https://openalex.org/W2018956713","https://openalex.org/W2081479354","https://openalex.org/W2166972143","https://openalex.org/W2113107605","https://openalex.org/W3204693335"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"article":[2,74],"describes":[3,13],"the":[4,19,28,37,46,53,73,83,93],"nature":[5],"of":[6,18,48,70,87,102],"modern":[7],"general\u2010purpose":[8],"computer":[9,39,88],"systems.":[10],"First":[11],"it":[12],"their":[14],"hardware.":[15],"The":[16],"state":[17],"semiconductor":[20],"electronics":[21],"art":[22],"is":[23],"discussed,":[24],"with":[25],"emphasis":[26],"on":[27,52],"trend":[29,54],"to":[30,63,76],"microprocessors":[31],"and":[32,60,97,114],"large\u2010scale":[33],"memory":[34],"chips.":[35],"Then":[36],"various":[38],"architectures":[40],"in":[41,80],"use":[42],"are":[43,100],"presented,":[44],"showing":[45],"influence":[47],"electronic":[49],"component":[50],"evolution":[51],"from":[55],"processor\u2010centered":[56],"designs":[57,62],"through":[58],"storage\u2010centered":[59],"multiprocessor":[61],"bus\u2010oriented":[64],"ones.":[65],"After":[66],"a":[67],"brief":[68],"discussion":[69],"input\u2010output":[71],"technology":[72],"turns":[75],"system":[77],"control":[78,112],"programs,":[79,113],"many":[81],"ways":[82],"most":[84],"important":[85],"aspect":[86],"systems":[89],"as":[90],"perceived":[91],"by":[92],"user.":[94],"Brief":[95],"definitions":[96],"functional":[98],"descriptions":[99],"provided":[101],"operating":[103],"systems,":[104,110],"program":[105],"writing":[106],"aids,":[107],"database":[108],"management":[109],"communications":[111],"utility":[115],"programs.":[116]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}