{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2003200902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630280105","title":"Computerized russian translation at ORNL","display_name":"Computerized russian translation at ORNL","publication_year":1977,"publication_date":"1977-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2003200902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630280105","mag":"2003200902"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/asi.4630280105","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630280105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220780","display_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","issn_l":"0002-8231","issn":["0002-8231","1097-4571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083286364","display_name":"Sara R. Jordan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388891856","display_name":"Union Carbide (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04hj96d73","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133143","https://openalex.org/I4388891856"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara R. Jordan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Union Carbide Corporation Nuclear Division","Consultant, Computer Science Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Union Carbide Corporation Nuclear Division","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I4388891856"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consultant, Computer Science Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029739733","display_name":"A.F.R. Brown","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388891856","display_name":"Union Carbide (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04hj96d73","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133143","https://openalex.org/I4388891856"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antony F. R. Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Union Carbide Corporation Nuclear Division","Consultant, Control Data Corporation, Sunnyvale, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Union Carbide Corporation Nuclear Division","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I4388891856"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consultant, Control Data Corporation, Sunnyvale, CA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023014770","display_name":"Fred C. Hutton","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388891856","display_name":"Union Carbide (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04hj96d73","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133143","https://openalex.org/I4388891856"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fred C. Hutton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Union Carbide Corporation Nuclear Division"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Union Carbide Corporation Nuclear Division","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I4388891856"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.2729,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95867639,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"1","first_page":"26","last_page":"33"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9459999799728394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9459999799728394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7579984068870544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oak-ridge-national-laboratory","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","score":0.7072603702545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/documentation","display_name":"Documentation","score":0.6573526263237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6454667448997498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.6061062216758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.5565685629844666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5437541604042053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meaning","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","score":0.5095136761665344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.4596547484397888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44546523690223694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.4219121038913727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.37896353006362915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3355894088745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2909269630908966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.09080204367637634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.09043192863464355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7579984068870544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775907726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714439","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","level":2,"score":0.7072603702545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.6573526263237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6454667448997498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.6061062216758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.5565685629844666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5437541604042053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.5095136761665344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.4596547484397888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44546523690223694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.4219121038913727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.37896353006362915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3355894088745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2909269630908966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.09080204367637634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.09043192863464355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/asi.4630280105","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630280105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220780","display_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","issn_l":"0002-8231","issn":["0002-8231","1097-4571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310223","display_name":"Georgetown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vzafd60"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W569718690","https://openalex.org/W1964922004","https://openalex.org/W2057867321","https://openalex.org/W3005278268"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4250204583","https://openalex.org/W2030649016","https://openalex.org/W4205924385","https://openalex.org/W1510668762","https://openalex.org/W3029506464","https://openalex.org/W4385071743","https://openalex.org/W2279788230","https://openalex.org/W1522434738","https://openalex.org/W194462237","https://openalex.org/W4251697475"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Since":[1],"1964,":[2],"as":[3,59,146,185],"an":[4,150],"adjunct":[5],"to":[6,13,34,39,132],"its":[7,75,130,136],"automated":[8],"technical":[9],"information":[10],"processing":[11],"services":[12],"ERDA":[14],"and":[15,54,83,178,192],"other":[16],"federal":[17],"agencies,":[18],"a":[19,94,105,147],"generalized":[20],"language":[21,97],"translation":[22,42,115,164],"system":[23,182],"has":[24,51],"been":[25,52],"used":[26,92],"by":[27,72,113,126,135],"the":[28,57,64,70,114,144,159,162,181,197],"Oak":[29],"Ridge":[30],"National":[31],"Laboratory":[32],"(ORNL)":[33],"translate":[35],"Russian":[36],"scientific":[37,88],"text":[38],"English.":[40],"The":[41,90,117],"system,":[43,71],"first":[44],"implemented":[45],"at":[46],"Georgetown":[47],"University":[48],"around":[49],"1960,":[50],"rewritten":[53],"improved":[55],"through":[56],"years":[58],"computer":[60],"models":[61],"changed.":[62],"Although":[63],"translations":[65,86,171],"lack":[66],"high":[67],"literary":[68],"quality,":[69],"means":[73],"of":[74,87,152,158,172,180,196],"context":[76],"sensitive":[77],"dictionary,":[78],"nevertheless":[79],"provides":[80],"inexpensive,":[81],"fast":[82],"highly":[84],"useful":[85],"literature.":[89],"method":[91],"involves":[93],"linguistically\u2010oriented":[95],"programming":[96],"called":[98],"Simulated":[99],"Linguistic":[100],"Computer":[101],"(SLC),":[102],"with":[103],"which":[104,128],"language\u2010specific":[106],"dictionary":[107,118],"can":[108,123],"be":[109,124,133],"written":[110],"for":[111,120,190],"use":[112],"system.":[116,199],"entry":[119],"any":[121],"word":[122],"augmented":[125],"procedures":[127,141],"permit":[129],"meaning":[131],"modified":[134],"context;":[137],"more":[138],"general":[139],"linguistic":[140],"operate":[142],"on":[143,170],"sentence":[145],"whole.":[148],"In":[149],"evaluation":[151],"user":[153],"reaction,":[154],"over":[155],"ninety":[156],"percent":[157],"respondents":[160],"rated":[161],"machine":[163],"(MT)":[165],"service":[166,191],"\u201cgood\u201d":[167],"or":[168],"\u201cacceptable\u201d":[169],"their":[173],"subject":[174],"specialty.":[175],"Development,":[176],"implementation,":[177],"documentation":[179],"are":[183],"continuing,":[184],"we":[186],"meet":[187],"increasing":[188],"requests":[189],"attempt":[193],"new":[194],"applications":[195],"MT":[198]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-23T06:36:01.041984","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
