{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2059035187","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630240606","title":"Text searching retrieval of answer\u2010sentences and other answer\u2010passages","display_name":"Text searching retrieval of answer\u2010sentences and other answer\u2010passages","publication_year":1973,"publication_date":"1973-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2059035187","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630240606","mag":"2059035187"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/asi.4630240606","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630240606","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220780","display_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","issn_l":"0002-8231","issn":["0002-8231","1097-4571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004599362","display_name":"John O\u2019Connor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8229-8602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186143895","display_name":"Lehigh University","ror":"https://ror.org/012afjb06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186143895"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John O'Connor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Information Science Lehigh University Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Information Science Lehigh University Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186143895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004599362"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186143895"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3126,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92433784,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"6","first_page":"445","last_page":"460"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7729142308235168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.7459165453910828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paragraph","display_name":"Paragraph","score":0.7208333015441895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closeness","display_name":"Closeness","score":0.6224730014801025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5928159952163696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/punctuation","display_name":"Punctuation","score":0.5763887763023376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.5553045272827148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.5154975056648254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5137642621994019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.4871968626976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stop-words","display_name":"Stop words","score":0.43208423256874084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall","display_name":"Precision and recall","score":0.43096524477005005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/document-retrieval","display_name":"Document retrieval","score":0.42605364322662354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.20731422305107117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10498160123825073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.09823480248451233}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7729142308235168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.7459165453910828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777206241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194431","display_name":"Paragraph","level":2,"score":0.7208333015441895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779545769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135364","display_name":"Closeness","level":2,"score":0.6224730014801025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5928159952163696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C540372491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82622","display_name":"Punctuation","level":2,"score":0.5763887763023376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.5553045272827148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.5154975056648254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5137642621994019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4871968626976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188338183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80735","display_name":"Stop words","level":3,"score":0.43208423256874084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.43096524477005005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161156560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1638872","display_name":"Document retrieval","level":2,"score":0.42605364322662354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.20731422305107117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10498160123825073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.09823480248451233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/asi.4630240606","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630240606","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220780","display_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","issn_l":"0002-8231","issn":["0002-8231","1097-4571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7868932","https://openalex.org/W206402474","https://openalex.org/W1602667807","https://openalex.org/W1995462702","https://openalex.org/W1999837683","https://openalex.org/W2010154281","https://openalex.org/W2041073561","https://openalex.org/W2116124399"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W173956503","https://openalex.org/W1531508671","https://openalex.org/W120623030","https://openalex.org/W2463029320","https://openalex.org/W2085542554","https://openalex.org/W4386811335","https://openalex.org/W2145340427","https://openalex.org/W1526319135","https://openalex.org/W2130992918","https://openalex.org/W2408756348"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Some":[1],"new":[2,81,128],"text":[3],"searching":[4],"retrieval":[5,34,78,234,262,294],"techniques":[6,32,181,282],"are":[7,39,70,95,258],"described":[8,283],"which":[9,46,165,224],"retrieve":[10,185],"not":[11],"documents":[12,16,188,212,241],"but":[13],"sentences":[14],"from":[15,237,247],"and":[17,113,141,200,240,268,279,293],"sometimes":[18],"(on":[19],"occasions":[20],"determined":[21],"by":[22,101],"the":[23,28,31,57,103,167,174,180,209,227,248,256,281,297],"computer)":[24],"multi\u2010sentence":[25,148],"sequences.":[26],"Since":[27],"goal":[29],"of":[30,35,87,105,173,179,190,196,204,250,255,296],"is":[33,43,47,61,270,300],"answer\u2010providing":[36,49,187,211],"documents,":[37],"\u201canswer\u2010passages\u201d":[38],"retrieved.":[40,71,152],"An":[41],"\u201canswer\u2010passage\u201d":[42],"a":[44,93,127,147,177,265,291],"passage":[45,149],"either":[48],"or":[50],"\u201canswer\u2010indicative,\u201d":[51],"i.e.,":[52,67],"it":[53,60,269],"permits":[54],"inferring":[55],"that":[56,274],"document":[58],"containing":[59],"answer\u2010provding.":[62],"In":[63,176],"most":[64],"cases":[65],"answer\u2010sentences,":[66],"single\u2010sentence":[68],"answer\u2010passages,":[69,164],"This":[72],"has":[73,225],"great":[74],"advantages":[75],"for":[76,84,144,161,261],"screening":[77],"output.":[79],"Two":[80],"automatic":[82],"procedures":[83],"measuring":[85],"closeness":[86,100],"relation":[88],"between":[89,116],"clue":[90,118,205],"words":[91],"in":[92,126,158,171,243,263,275],"sentence":[94],"described.":[96],"One":[97],"approximates":[98],"syntactic":[99],"counting":[102],"number":[104],"intervening":[106],"\u201csyntactic":[107],"joints\u201d":[108],"(roughly":[109],"speaking,":[110],"prepositions,":[111],"conjunctions":[112],"punctuation":[114],"marks)":[115],"successive":[117],"words.":[119],"The":[120,130,137,233,253],"other":[121,210],"measure":[122],"uses":[123,139],"word":[124,206],"proximity":[125],"way.":[129],"two":[131,186],"measures":[132],"perform":[133],"about":[134],"equally":[135],"well.":[136],"computer":[138],"\u201cenclosure\u201d":[140],"\u201cconnector":[142],"words\u201d":[143],"determining":[145],"when":[146],"should":[150],"be":[151,193],"However,":[153],"no":[154],"procedure":[155],"was":[156],"found":[157],"this":[159,244,289],"study":[160,245,257],"retrieving":[162],"multi\u2010paragraph":[163,198],"were":[166,246],"only":[168],"answer\u2010passages":[169],"occurring":[170],"6%":[172],"papers.":[175],"test":[178],"they":[182,213],"failed":[183],"to":[184,192,272],"(7%":[189],"those":[191],"retrieved)":[194],"because":[195],"one":[197,201],"answer\u2010passage":[199],"complete":[202],"failure":[203],"selection.":[207],"For":[208],"retrieved":[214],"at":[215],"all":[216],"recall":[217],"levels":[218],"with":[219],"greater":[220],"precision":[221],"than":[222],"SMART,":[223],"produced":[226],"best":[228],"previously":[229],"reported":[230],"recall\u2010precision":[231],"results.":[232],"questions":[235],"(mostly":[236],"real":[238],"users)":[239],"used":[242],"field":[249],"information":[251],"science.":[252],"results":[254],"surprisingly":[259],"good":[260],"such":[264],"\u201csoft":[266],"science,\u201d":[267],"reasonable":[271],"hope":[273],"less":[276],"\u201csoft\u201d":[277],"sciences":[278],"technologies":[280],"will":[284],"work":[285],"even":[286],"better.":[287],"On":[288],"basis":[290],"dissemination":[292],"system":[295],"near":[298],"future":[299],"predicted.":[301]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}