{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409516989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202500045","title":"Spatiotemporally Controlled Soft Robotics with Optically Responsive Liquid Crystal Elastomers","display_name":"Spatiotemporally Controlled Soft Robotics with Optically Responsive Liquid Crystal Elastomers","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409516989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202500045"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/aisy.202500045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202500045","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aisy.202500045","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212817","display_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2640-4567","issn":["2640-4567"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aisy.202500045","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092120881","display_name":"Elizabeth R. Blackert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2129-8043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth R. Blackert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering Rice University  Houston TX 77005 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering Rice University  Houston TX 77005 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117182142","display_name":"Phoebe Scaccia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phoebe Scaccia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science Rice University  Houston TX 77005 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science Rice University  Houston TX 77005 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022491390","display_name":"Morgan Barnes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9074-4067"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Morgan Barnes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering Rice University  Houston TX 77005 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering Rice University  Houston TX 77005 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090999796","display_name":"Taniya M. S. K. Pathiranage","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taniya M. S. K. Pathiranage","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Rice University  Houston TX 77005 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Rice University  Houston TX 77005 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019614234","display_name":"Rafael Verduzco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3649-3455"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafael Verduzco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Rice University  Houston TX 77005 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Rice University  Houston TX 77005 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012176895","display_name":"Vaibhav Unhelkar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4530-189X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vaibhav Unhelkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science Rice University  Houston TX 77005 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science Rice University  Houston TX 77005 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059265052","display_name":"Hanyu Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3376-5352"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hanyu Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering Rice University  Houston TX 77005 USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3376-5352","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering Rice University  Houston TX 77005 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059265052"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"],"apc_list":{"value":2750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2750},"apc_paid":{"value":2750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2750},"fwci":1.4929,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79408327,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"6","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11737","display_name":"Advanced Materials and Mechanics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11737","display_name":"Advanced Materials and Mechanics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11486","display_name":"Micro and Nano Robotics","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-robotics","display_name":"Soft robotics","score":0.852543294429779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elastomer","display_name":"Elastomer","score":0.6489511728286743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.607210636138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.5443652272224426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liquid-crystal","display_name":"Liquid crystal","score":0.5117270946502686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5023322105407715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-materials","display_name":"Soft materials","score":0.42556560039520264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.37299418449401855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.32898128032684326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.2688513994216919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.2676737308502197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.26612982153892517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.1741742193698883}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776058767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24327151","display_name":"Soft robotics","level":3,"score":0.852543294429779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38052585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252266","display_name":"Elastomer","level":2,"score":0.6489511728286743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.607210636138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5443652272224426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13274807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203989","display_name":"Liquid crystal","level":2,"score":0.5117270946502686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5023322105407715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982836594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902144","display_name":"Soft materials","level":2,"score":0.42556560039520264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.37299418449401855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32898128032684326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.2688513994216919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.2676737308502197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.26612982153892517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.1741742193698883}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/aisy.202500045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202500045","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aisy.202500045","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212817","display_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2640-4567","issn":["2640-4567"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b3936767284b4510b1246b4a88334970","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b3936767284b4510b1246b4a88334970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems, Vol 7, Iss 6, Pp n/a-n/a (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/aisy.202500045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202500045","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aisy.202500045","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212817","display_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2640-4567","issn":["2640-4567"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2670340697","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"C\u20102124","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306196","funder_display_name":"Welch Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2711310277","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF1810289","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3505517651","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DMR-2240106","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337367","funder_display_name":"Division of Materials Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5409299937","display_name":"NRT: A Bioelectronics Incubator for Training Students (BITS) at the Cell/Material Interface","funder_award_id":"1828869","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5563322523","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DMR\u20102240106","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6630541489","display_name":"CAREER: Probing Quantum Materials Modified by Terahertz Quantum Fluctuations","funder_award_id":"2240106","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6936448563","display_name":"Graduate Research Fellowship Program(GRFP)","funder_award_id":"1842494","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7751137301","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DMR-2240106","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7788671967","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2240106","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337367","funder_display_name":"Division of Materials Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G945962015","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DGE-1842494","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306196","display_name":"Welch Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/00np6vq88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310133","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337367","display_name":"Division of Materials Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01pc7k308"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","display_name":"Army Research Office","ror":"https://ror.org/05epdh915"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409516989.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409516989.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1702077974","https://openalex.org/W1930682875","https://openalex.org/W1964668789","https://openalex.org/W1980261332","https://openalex.org/W1985776767","https://openalex.org/W1989180712","https://openalex.org/W1991297909","https://openalex.org/W2004367543","https://openalex.org/W2023173825","https://openalex.org/W2040243778","https://openalex.org/W2056105080","https://openalex.org/W2090923286","https://openalex.org/W2091901190","https://openalex.org/W2139715283","https://openalex.org/W2146195317","https://openalex.org/W2150945860","https://openalex.org/W2158900663","https://openalex.org/W2165908894","https://openalex.org/W2166542166","https://openalex.org/W2184993170","https://openalex.org/W2278923514","https://openalex.org/W2283973088","https://openalex.org/W2285898182","https://openalex.org/W2329411834","https://openalex.org/W2508529554","https://openalex.org/W2517713314","https://openalex.org/W2553141329","https://openalex.org/W2620715210","https://openalex.org/W2725448720","https://openalex.org/W2766027026","https://openalex.org/W2787988860","https://openalex.org/W2788899641","https://openalex.org/W2895620940","https://openalex.org/W2903446851","https://openalex.org/W2903832222","https://openalex.org/W2912819751","https://openalex.org/W2915014656","https://openalex.org/W2921851052","https://openalex.org/W2980836567","https://openalex.org/W2996367417","https://openalex.org/W2998901272","https://openalex.org/W3006284129","https://openalex.org/W3031288223","https://openalex.org/W3039007937","https://openalex.org/W3095768820","https://openalex.org/W3128353421","https://openalex.org/W3165075668","https://openalex.org/W3171442219","https://openalex.org/W3185031264","https://openalex.org/W3198515286","https://openalex.org/W3199449137","https://openalex.org/W3201132814","https://openalex.org/W3205418609","https://openalex.org/W3213189848","https://openalex.org/W3214738088","https://openalex.org/W4206301975","https://openalex.org/W4213028169","https://openalex.org/W4220948531","https://openalex.org/W4220994606","https://openalex.org/W4229045697","https://openalex.org/W4232182895","https://openalex.org/W4248552793","https://openalex.org/W4286697349","https://openalex.org/W4294125995","https://openalex.org/W4309701850","https://openalex.org/W4315928668","https://openalex.org/W4317038508","https://openalex.org/W4317254635","https://openalex.org/W4317519843","https://openalex.org/W4319791306","https://openalex.org/W4324121792","https://openalex.org/W4360619340","https://openalex.org/W4366821594","https://openalex.org/W4379409061","https://openalex.org/W4383879225","https://openalex.org/W4386634133","https://openalex.org/W4387564260","https://openalex.org/W4389617153","https://openalex.org/W4390347808","https://openalex.org/W4391561669"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3112293155","https://openalex.org/W2326585759","https://openalex.org/W4312473168","https://openalex.org/W3134474396","https://openalex.org/W4211124276","https://openalex.org/W4213066075","https://openalex.org/W1515749184","https://openalex.org/W4367041227","https://openalex.org/W4285221039","https://openalex.org/W4312269480"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Light\u2010responsive":[0],"materials":[1,74],"enable":[2],"the":[3,18,27,112,128,137,145],"development":[4],"of":[5],"soft":[6,54,89,162],"robots":[7],"that":[8,39,59],"are":[9,35,60],"controlled":[10],"remotely":[11,61],"in":[12,44],"3D":[13],"space":[14,115],"and":[15,42,57,111,131],"time":[16],"without":[17],"need":[19],"for":[20,83,98,140],"cumbersome":[21],"wires,":[22],"onboard":[23],"batteries,":[24],"or":[25],"altering":[26],"local":[28],"environment.":[29],"Azobenzene":[30],"liquid":[31,86,147],"crystal":[32,87,148],"polymer":[33],"networks":[34],"one":[36],"such":[37],"material":[38,104],"can":[40],"move":[41],"deform":[43],"response":[45,105],"to":[46,106,135,169],"light":[47,97],"actuation.":[48],"Previous":[49],"works":[50],"have":[51],"demonstrated":[52],"azo\u2010based":[53],"robotic":[55,90],"grippers":[56],"transporters":[58],"powered":[62],"by":[63,94],"light.":[64],"However,":[65],"highly":[66],"adaptive,":[67],"automated":[68],"spatiotemporal":[69],"optical":[70,107],"control":[71],"over":[72],"these":[73],"has":[75],"not":[76],"yet":[77],"been":[78],"realized.":[79],"Herein,":[80],"a":[81,141],"system":[82],"an":[84,156],"azobenzene":[85,146],"elastomer":[88,149],"arm":[91,120,129,150],"is":[92,109,116,125],"created":[93],"dynamically":[95],"patterning":[96],"independently":[99],"maneuverable":[100],"joints.":[101],"The":[102],"nonlinear":[103],"actuation":[108,114],"characterized,":[110],"broad":[113],"explored":[117],"with":[118,164],"diverse":[119],"configurations.":[121],"A":[122],"neural":[123],"network":[124],"trained":[126],"on":[127],"configurations":[130],"corresponding":[132],"laser":[133],"pattern":[134,138],"automate":[136],"generation":[139],"desired":[142],"configuration.":[143],"Finally,":[144],"demonstrates":[151],"complex":[152],"targeted":[153],"motion,":[154],"marking":[155],"important":[157],"step":[158],"toward":[159],"optically":[160],"actuated":[161],"robotics":[163],"applications":[165],"ranging":[166],"from":[167],"optomechanics":[168],"biomedical":[170],"tools.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-22T08:00:12.763002","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}