{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407865033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202401086","title":"Lowering the Entrance Hurdle for Lab Automation: An Artificial Intelligence\u2010Supported, Interactive Robotic Arm for Automated, Repeated Testing Procedures","display_name":"Lowering the Entrance Hurdle for Lab Automation: An Artificial Intelligence\u2010Supported, Interactive Robotic Arm for Automated, Repeated Testing Procedures","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407865033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202401086"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/aisy.202401086","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202401086","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aisy.202401086","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212817","display_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2640-4567","issn":["2640-4567"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aisy.202401086","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004865452","display_name":"Stefan Conrad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3486-9842"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161046081","display_name":"University of Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/0245cg223","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Conrad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg Botanic Garden of the University of Freiburg University of Freiburg  79104 Freiburg Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3486-9842","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg Botanic Garden of the University of Freiburg University of Freiburg  79104 Freiburg Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081362136","display_name":"Philipp Auth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7897-1470"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161046081","display_name":"University of Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/0245cg223","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Philipp Auth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg Botanic Garden of the University of Freiburg University of Freiburg  79104 Freiburg Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7897-1470","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg Botanic Garden of the University of Freiburg University of Freiburg  79104 Freiburg Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040052365","display_name":"Tom Masselter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5465-8252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161046081","display_name":"University of Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/0245cg223","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom Masselter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) University of Freiburg  79110 Freiburg Germany","Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg Botanic Garden of the University of Freiburg University of Freiburg  79104 Freiburg Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5465-8252","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) University of Freiburg  79110 Freiburg Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg Botanic Garden of the University of Freiburg University of Freiburg  79104 Freiburg Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003738238","display_name":"Thomas Speck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2245-2636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161046081","display_name":"University of Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/0245cg223","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Speck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cluster of Excellence livMatS FIT \u2013 Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies University of Freiburg  79110 Freiburg Germany","Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) University of Freiburg  79110 Freiburg Germany","Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg Botanic Garden of the University of Freiburg University of Freiburg  79104 Freiburg Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2245-2636","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cluster of Excellence livMatS FIT \u2013 Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies University of Freiburg  79110 Freiburg Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) University of Freiburg  79110 Freiburg Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg Botanic Garden of the University of Freiburg University of Freiburg  79104 Freiburg Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004865452","https://openalex.org/A5081362136"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"],"apc_list":{"value":2750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2750},"apc_paid":{"value":2750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2750},"fwci":6.2638,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96311586,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"10","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10653","display_name":"Robot Manipulation and Learning","score":0.9869999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10653","display_name":"Robot Manipulation and Learning","score":0.9869999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13050","display_name":"Oil and Gas Production Techniques","score":0.9728999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13344","display_name":"Industrial Automation and Control Systems","score":0.9696999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.7315173149108887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotic-arm","display_name":"Robotic arm","score":0.48604947328567505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48516637086868286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4639664888381958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.34713178873062134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.33180299401283264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.32645323872566223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.32254642248153687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3030394911766052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.10757607221603394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.7315173149108887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150415221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40687","display_name":"Robotic arm","level":2,"score":0.48604947328567505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48516637086868286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4639664888381958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.34713178873062134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33180299401283264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.32645323872566223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.32254642248153687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3030394911766052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10757607221603394}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/aisy.202401086","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202401086","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aisy.202401086","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212817","display_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2640-4567","issn":["2640-4567"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9a017044224344c5be806248707bcb04","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9a017044224344c5be806248707bcb04","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems, Vol 7, Iss 10, Pp n/a-n/a (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:freidok.uni-freiburg.de:263315","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://freidok.uni-freiburg.de/data/263315","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401057","display_name":"FreiDok plus (Universit\u00e4tsbibliothek Freiburg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I161046081","host_organization_name":"University of Freiburg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Advanced intelligent systems. - 7, 10 (2025) , 2401086, ISSN: 2640-4567","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/aisy.202401086","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202401086","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aisy.202401086","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212817","display_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2640-4567","issn":["2640-4567"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G849351957","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EXC\u20102193/1 \u2013 390951807","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309895","display_name":"Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung","ror":"https://ror.org/03ng4kg22"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407865033.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2095436958","https://openalex.org/W2149931539","https://openalex.org/W2257915110","https://openalex.org/W2762732341","https://openalex.org/W2926499033","https://openalex.org/W2960995627","https://openalex.org/W3101157441","https://openalex.org/W4317435073","https://openalex.org/W4387220539","https://openalex.org/W4388415441","https://openalex.org/W4390231999","https://openalex.org/W4394828156","https://openalex.org/W4399430485","https://openalex.org/W4400189174","https://openalex.org/W4401553778","https://openalex.org/W4403448419","https://openalex.org/W4403664729"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385452609","https://openalex.org/W2519676117","https://openalex.org/W2218202131","https://openalex.org/W2155740880","https://openalex.org/W84108837","https://openalex.org/W2131713426","https://openalex.org/W4253249845","https://openalex.org/W2125452230","https://openalex.org/W2148444631","https://openalex.org/W1629973955"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Laboratory":[0],"automation":[1,41],"is":[2,145],"crucial":[3],"for":[4,107,114,134,185],"improving":[5],"efficiency":[6],"and":[7,30,47,69,83,101,118,130,156,174,193],"enhancing":[8],"reproducibility":[9],"in":[10,32,52,60,147,199],"scientific":[11,23,201],"workflows.":[12,202],"However,":[13],"industrial":[14],"solutions":[15],"mostly":[16],"do":[17],"not":[18],"fit":[19],"the":[20,128,162,183,186],"needs":[21],"of":[22,188],"institutions,":[24],"such":[25],"as":[26,75],"cost":[27],"efficiency,":[28],"customizability,":[29],"flexibility":[31,173],"fast":[33],"iteration":[34],"cycles.":[35],"This":[36],"study":[37],"presents":[38],"a":[39,53,66,70,76,95],"laboratory":[40,189],"system":[42,64,160],"that":[43],"integrates":[44],"affordable":[45],"robotics":[46],"artificial":[48,105],"intelligence":[49,106],"(AI)\u2010driven":[50],"functionalities":[51],"modular":[54],"architecture":[55],"to":[56,88,123,141,164,176],"address":[57],"key":[58],"challenges":[59],"research":[61],"environments.":[62],"The":[63,138,159,180],"uses":[65],"robotic":[67],"arm":[68],"large":[71],"language":[72,81],"model":[73],"(LLM)":[74],"lab":[77],"assistant,":[78],"enabling":[79],"natural":[80],"interaction":[82],"task":[84,108,116],"orchestration.":[85],"In":[86],"contrast":[87],"fully":[89],"autonomous":[90],"systems,":[91],"this":[92],"approach":[93],"emphasizes":[94],"collaborative":[96],"human\u2010in\u2010the\u2010loop":[97],"model,":[98],"ensuring":[99],"adaptability":[100,175],"reducing":[102],"reliance":[103],"on":[104,127],"planning.":[109],"Key":[110],"innovations":[111],"include":[112],"meta\u2010tools":[113],"dynamic":[115],"recording":[117],"playback,":[119],"low\u2010level":[120],"information":[121],"management":[122],"reduce":[124],"cognitive":[125],"load":[126],"LLM,":[129],"AI\u2010assisted":[131],"data":[132],"reading":[133],"real\u2010time":[135],"measurement":[136],"extraction.":[137],"system's":[139],"ability":[140,163],"automate":[142],"complex":[143],"workflows":[144],"validated":[146],"three":[148],"experimental":[149,178],"scenarios,":[150],"involving":[151],"sample":[152],"preparation,":[153],"error":[154],"handling,":[155],"multi\u2010step":[157],"measurements.":[158],"demonstrates":[161],"perform":[165],"tasks":[166],"with":[167],"minimal":[168],"user":[169],"input":[170],"while":[171],"maintaining":[172],"changing":[177],"conditions.":[179],"findings":[181],"pave":[182],"way":[184],"future":[187],"automation,":[190],"where":[191],"human":[192],"AI\u2010driven":[194],"systems":[195],"work":[196],"seamlessly":[197],"together":[198],"optimized":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T07:54:00.901334","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}