{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411772501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202401080","title":"Enhanced Actuation Stress in Variable Stiffness Liquid Crystal Elastomers","display_name":"Enhanced Actuation Stress in Variable Stiffness Liquid Crystal Elastomers","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411772501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202401080"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/aisy.202401080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202401080","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aisy.202401080","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212817","display_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2640-4567","issn":["2640-4567"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aisy.202401080","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082065371","display_name":"Sophia Eristoff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7899-3848"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sophia Eristoff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Yale University  New Haven 06511 CT USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7899-3848","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Yale University  New Haven 06511 CT USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017853173","display_name":"Lina Sanchez\u2010Botero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3151-2538"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lina Sanchez\u2010Botero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Yale University  New Haven 06511 CT USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3151-2538","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Yale University  New Haven 06511 CT USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010640110","display_name":"Rebecca Kramer\u2010Bottiglio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2324-8124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rebecca Kramer\u2010Bottiglio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Yale University  New Haven 06511 CT USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2324-8124","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Yale University  New Haven 06511 CT USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010640110"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0983543,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"11","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11608","display_name":"Dielectric materials and actuators","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11608","display_name":"Dielectric materials and actuators","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11737","display_name":"Advanced Materials and Mechanics","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10810","display_name":"Polymer composites and self-healing","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2507","display_name":"Polymers and Plastics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elastomer","display_name":"Elastomer","score":0.8015916347503662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.6860501170158386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stiffness","display_name":"Stiffness","score":0.6798293590545654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stress","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","score":0.5759162306785583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.5410472750663757}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38052585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252266","display_name":"Elastomer","level":2,"score":0.8015916347503662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6860501170158386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779372316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569057","display_name":"Stiffness","level":2,"score":0.6798293590545654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21036866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181767","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5759162306785583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.5410472750663757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/aisy.202401080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202401080","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aisy.202401080","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212817","display_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2640-4567","issn":["2640-4567"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:296dabbc01b24c78b6a9c989e1db3616","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/296dabbc01b24c78b6a9c989e1db3616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems, Vol 7, Iss 11, Pp n/a-n/a (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/aisy.202401080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202401080","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aisy.202401080","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212817","display_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2640-4567","issn":["2640-4567"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4357041942","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80NSSC21K1269","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G514787705","display_name":"CHS: Medium: Collaborative Research: Fabric-Embedded Dynamic Sensing for Adaptive Exoskeleton Assistance","funder_award_id":"1954591","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5896313765","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-1954591","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6626199372","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS\u20101954591","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322037","display_name":"Nuclear Safety and Security Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/05qk3ge34"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332513","display_name":"Weill Cornell Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/02r109517"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411772501.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411772501.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967189115","https://openalex.org/W1987589999","https://openalex.org/W1994118628","https://openalex.org/W2013774160","https://openalex.org/W2040243778","https://openalex.org/W2047780354","https://openalex.org/W2055343800","https://openalex.org/W2088107920","https://openalex.org/W2109996627","https://openalex.org/W2126863855","https://openalex.org/W2224750552","https://openalex.org/W2527181701","https://openalex.org/W2582935624","https://openalex.org/W2587813168","https://openalex.org/W2751667444","https://openalex.org/W2758231580","https://openalex.org/W2767830291","https://openalex.org/W2772142421","https://openalex.org/W2775854755","https://openalex.org/W2785110060","https://openalex.org/W2803965321","https://openalex.org/W2809610719","https://openalex.org/W2883747895","https://openalex.org/W2897594903","https://openalex.org/W2897750711","https://openalex.org/W2926374707","https://openalex.org/W2969912344","https://openalex.org/W2977728141","https://openalex.org/W2980226664","https://openalex.org/W2980227422","https://openalex.org/W2998904561","https://openalex.org/W2999737713","https://openalex.org/W3001636146","https://openalex.org/W3006579760","https://openalex.org/W3021638983","https://openalex.org/W3034793840","https://openalex.org/W3036054568","https://openalex.org/W3080675481","https://openalex.org/W3080956885","https://openalex.org/W3090917335","https://openalex.org/W3118026239","https://openalex.org/W3126232210","https://openalex.org/W3130943020","https://openalex.org/W3157145339","https://openalex.org/W3172697987","https://openalex.org/W3202027577","https://openalex.org/W3203388279","https://openalex.org/W3211090660","https://openalex.org/W3213181111","https://openalex.org/W4205815615","https://openalex.org/W4210863407","https://openalex.org/W4224245628","https://openalex.org/W4280525058","https://openalex.org/W4283752177","https://openalex.org/W4300427425","https://openalex.org/W4307286092","https://openalex.org/W4307407421","https://openalex.org/W4381158214","https://openalex.org/W4395112775","https://openalex.org/W4399708829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W4404995717","https://openalex.org/W2016187641","https://openalex.org/W4404725684","https://openalex.org/W4246450666","https://openalex.org/W4388998267","https://openalex.org/W4409278740","https://openalex.org/W2898370298","https://openalex.org/W4410118003","https://openalex.org/W2137437058"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Liquid":[0],"crystal":[1],"elastomers":[2],"(LCEs)":[3],"are":[4],"promising":[5],"candidates":[6],"for":[7],"artificial":[8,141],"muscles":[9],"due":[10,88],"to":[11,89],"their":[12],"thermo\u2010responsive":[13],"nematic\u2010to\u2010isotropic":[14],"transition,":[15],"which":[16],"enables":[17],"high":[18],"strains":[19],"at":[20],"accessible":[21],"temperatures":[22],"and":[23,74,112,129],"mimics":[24],"the":[25,67,99,108,115],"adaptable":[26],"resting":[27],"state":[28],"of":[29,127],"natural":[30],"muscle.":[31],"However,":[32],"LCEs":[33,138],"have":[34],"lower":[35],"force":[36,55],"outputs":[37],"than":[38],"other":[39],"soft":[40],"actuators.":[41],"This":[42],"work":[43],"reports":[44],"an":[45],"LCE":[46,68],"formulation":[47],"that":[48],"achieves":[49],"a":[50],"5\u00d7":[51],"increase":[52],"in":[53,125],"actuation":[54,72,84],"through":[56],"mechanical":[57],"intervention.":[58],"Incorporating":[59],"low\u2010melting\u2010point":[60],"alloy":[61],"Field's":[62],"metal":[63],"(FM)":[64],"particles":[65],"into":[66],"matrix":[69],"both":[70],"enhances":[71],"stress":[73,85,128],"introduces":[75],"tunable":[76],"stiffness.":[77],"At":[78,94],"low":[79],"FM":[80,116],"concentrations":[81,96],"(\u226410":[82],"vol%),":[83,98],"increases":[86],"fivefold":[87],"mechanically":[90],"enhanced":[91],"network":[92],"entropy.":[93],"higher":[95],"(\u224830":[97],"composite":[100],"exhibits":[101],"variable":[102],"stiffness,":[103],"behaving":[104],"metal\u2010like":[105],"when":[106],"below":[107],"FM's":[109],"melting":[110],"point":[111],"softening":[113],"once":[114],"melts.":[117],"These":[118],"formulations":[119],"not":[120],"only":[121],"enhance":[122],"actuator":[123],"performance":[124],"terms":[126],"strain":[130],"but":[131],"also":[132],"mimic":[133],"muscle\u2010like":[134],"rheological":[135],"behavior,":[136],"advancing":[137],"toward":[139],"practical":[140],"muscle":[142],"applications.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
