{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409205453","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202400779","title":"Multi\u2010Module Micro/Nanorobots for Biomedical and Environmental Remediation Applications","display_name":"Multi\u2010Module Micro/Nanorobots for Biomedical and Environmental Remediation Applications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409205453","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202400779"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/aisy.202400779","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202400779","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212817","display_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2640-4567","issn":["2640-4567"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202400779","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bairong Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0431-7074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bairong Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shien\u2010Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 511442 P. R. China","Shien\u2010Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering South China University of Technology  Guangzhou 511442 P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0431-7074","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shien\u2010Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 511442 P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shien\u2010Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering South China University of Technology  Guangzhou 511442 P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062791326","display_name":"Amar Salehi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4994-294X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amar Salehi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shien\u2010Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 511442 P. R. China","Shien\u2010Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering South China University of Technology  Guangzhou 511442 P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4994-294X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shien\u2010Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 511442 P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shien\u2010Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering South China University of Technology  Guangzhou 511442 P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100692162","display_name":"Lei Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8240-4541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shien\u2010Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 511442 P. R. China","Shien\u2010Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering South China University of Technology  Guangzhou 511442 P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shien\u2010Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 511442 P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shien\u2010Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering South China University of Technology  Guangzhou 511442 P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100626558","display_name":"Wei Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4235-2533"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 P. R. China","School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering South China University of Technology  Guangzhou 510641 P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4235-2533","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering South China University of Technology  Guangzhou 510641 P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100635149","display_name":"Tingting Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9246-785X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144102","display_name":"Wuhu Hit Robot Technology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/049w4dp92","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144102"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tingting Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Super Robotics (Huangpu) Guangzhou 510530 P. R. China","Shien\u2010Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 511442 P. R. China","Shien\u2010Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering South China University of Technology  Guangzhou 511442 P. R. China","Institute for Super Robotics (Huangpu)  Guangzhou 510530 P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9246-785X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Super Robotics (Huangpu) Guangzhou 510530 P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144102"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shien\u2010Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 511442 P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shien\u2010Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering South China University of Technology  Guangzhou 511442 P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Super Robotics (Huangpu)  Guangzhou 510530 P. R. China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100635149"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144102","https://openalex.org/I90610280"],"apc_list":{"value":2750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2750},"apc_paid":{"value":2750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2750},"fwci":8.9994,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98268839,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"7","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11486","display_name":"Micro and Nano Robotics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11486","display_name":"Micro and Nano Robotics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13052","display_name":"Molecular Communication and Nanonetworks","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11255","display_name":"Microfluidic and Bio-sensing Technologies","score":0.9821000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanorobotics","display_name":"Nanorobotics","score":0.9513399600982666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-remediation","display_name":"Environmental remediation","score":0.7829551696777344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.39929503202438354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.37516844272613525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3746175467967987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.2844679057598114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.10937225818634033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contamination","display_name":"Contamination","score":0.08139663934707642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.060320913791656494}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187911381","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q587024","display_name":"Nanorobotics","level":2,"score":0.9513399600982666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522964758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2019586","display_name":"Environmental remediation","level":3,"score":0.7829551696777344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.39929503202438354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37516844272613525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3746175467967987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.2844679057598114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.10937225818634033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112570922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60528603","display_name":"Contamination","level":2,"score":0.08139663934707642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.060320913791656494}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/aisy.202400779","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202400779","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212817","display_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2640-4567","issn":["2640-4567"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1a3699309067483a8a380e997f8645b7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1a3699309067483a8a380e997f8645b7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems, Vol 7, Iss 7, Pp n/a-n/a (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/aisy.202400779","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202400779","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212817","display_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2640-4567","issn":["2640-4567"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8747767222","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52405474","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":207,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W629357336","https://openalex.org/W1005668643","https://openalex.org/W1930682875","https://openalex.org/W1969797834","https://openalex.org/W1976448545","https://openalex.org/W1976815031","https://openalex.org/W1980304178","https://openalex.org/W1988727749","https://openalex.org/W1988985710","https://openalex.org/W1989175205","https://openalex.org/W1991115160","https://openalex.org/W2004316083","https://openalex.org/W2008953890","https://openalex.org/W2011169498","https://openalex.org/W2033949377","https://openalex.org/W2035127480","https://openalex.org/W2037672763","https://openalex.org/W2051347540","https://openalex.org/W2051596117","https://openalex.org/W2051936121","https://openalex.org/W2057648919","https://openalex.org/W2073017712","https://openalex.org/W2079365412","https://openalex.org/W2085293124","https://openalex.org/W2086899841","https://openalex.org/W2106322681","https://openalex.org/W2107900012","https://openalex.org/W2118772744","https://openalex.org/W2120965148","https://openalex.org/W2127435093","https://openalex.org/W2132631628","https://openalex.org/W2146592476","https://openalex.org/W2151247869","https://openalex.org/W2152379015","https://openalex.org/W2154866766","https://openalex.org/W2157833945","https://openalex.org/W2172957891","https://openalex.org/W2195415107","https://openalex.org/W2263444216","https://openalex.org/W2289302978","https://openalex.org/W2298382323","https://openalex.org/W2312988342","https://openalex.org/W2314448445","https://openalex.org/W2317936361","https://openalex.org/W2319443927","https://openalex.org/W2322186399","https://openalex.org/W2325651202","https://openalex.org/W2326008337","https://openalex.org/W2334970490","https://openalex.org/W2339504992","https://openalex.org/W2405706016","https://openalex.org/W2409543605","https://openalex.org/W2418032759","https://openalex.org/W2467367227","https://openalex.org/W2515051096","https://openalex.org/W2517898463","https://openalex.org/W2523515292","https://openalex.org/W2560691444","https://openalex.org/W2581078409","https://openalex.org/W2594189560","https://openalex.org/W2594355207","https://openalex.org/W2609760881","https://openalex.org/W2615064789","https://openalex.org/W2615947797","https://openalex.org/W2626316713","https://openalex.org/W2738028127","https://openalex.org/W2747506831","https://openalex.org/W2768057701","https://openalex.org/W2782859285","https://openalex.org/W2784839234","https://openalex.org/W2791609646","https://openalex.org/W2796330671","https://openalex.org/W2801248003","https://openalex.org/W2803536427","https://openalex.org/W2803603567","https://openalex.org/W2806218653","https://openalex.org/W2806640670","https://openalex.org/W2809053936","https://openalex.org/W2809454091","https://openalex.org/W2888702280","https://openalex.org/W2889644883","https://openalex.org/W2891422820","https://openalex.org/W2891780370","https://openalex.org/W2896724357","https://openalex.org/W2901573267","https://openalex.org/W2909305007","https://openalex.org/W2913490970","https://openalex.org/W2922503148","https://openalex.org/W2923870875","https://openalex.org/W2924563682","https://openalex.org/W2924849247","https://openalex.org/W2941947312","https://openalex.org/W2947202792","https://openalex.org/W2953399608","https://openalex.org/W2963981383","https://openalex.org/W2964757659","https://openalex.org/W2966845745","https://openalex.org/W2969939486","https://openalex.org/W2971829702","https://openalex.org/W2981479365","https://openalex.org/W2986270163","https://openalex.org/W2995730140","https://openalex.org/W2999053189","https://openalex.org/W2999385343","https://openalex.org/W3001095470","https://openalex.org/W3002176620","https://openalex.org/W3005061933","https://openalex.org/W3005449025","https://openalex.org/W3011883497","https://openalex.org/W3024821592","https://openalex.org/W3030559520","https://openalex.org/W3031843660","https://openalex.org/W3033299436","https://openalex.org/W3033807175","https://openalex.org/W3037118486","https://openalex.org/W3037470961","https://openalex.org/W3041871265","https://openalex.org/W3042672678","https://openalex.org/W3043977967","https://openalex.org/W3044629140","https://openalex.org/W3049308279","https://openalex.org/W3081259278","https://openalex.org/W3081573251","https://openalex.org/W3086013088","https://openalex.org/W3087504778","https://openalex.org/W3092965183","https://openalex.org/W3095854118","https://openalex.org/W3109031471","https://openalex.org/W3110876036","https://openalex.org/W3112204737","https://openalex.org/W3119837222","https://openalex.org/W3120015428","https://openalex.org/W3126666717","https://openalex.org/W3133194489","https://openalex.org/W3136500301","https://openalex.org/W3139518839","https://openalex.org/W3156398738","https://openalex.org/W3157305514","https://openalex.org/W3158854693","https://openalex.org/W3165321398","https://openalex.org/W3174614419","https://openalex.org/W3194274190","https://openalex.org/W3196976940","https://openalex.org/W3207813690","https://openalex.org/W3212242103","https://openalex.org/W3214480262","https://openalex.org/W4200267658","https://openalex.org/W4205207031","https://openalex.org/W4205599754","https://openalex.org/W4205627251","https://openalex.org/W4213205762","https://openalex.org/W4213222384","https://openalex.org/W4281629266","https://openalex.org/W4282962108","https://openalex.org/W4284964465","https://openalex.org/W4292384216","https://openalex.org/W4298127604","https://openalex.org/W4298144393","https://openalex.org/W4307342900","https://openalex.org/W4308151970","https://openalex.org/W4308449258","https://openalex.org/W4309211571","https://openalex.org/W4309566263","https://openalex.org/W4319296534","https://openalex.org/W4319721307","https://openalex.org/W4321455809","https://openalex.org/W4327587459","https://openalex.org/W4367357544","https://openalex.org/W4375861931","https://openalex.org/W4380050697","https://openalex.org/W4382651913","https://openalex.org/W4384201990","https://openalex.org/W4384341030","https://openalex.org/W4385220642","https://openalex.org/W4385733971","https://openalex.org/W4385781029","https://openalex.org/W4387787949","https://openalex.org/W4387903764","https://openalex.org/W4388133861","https://openalex.org/W4388842006","https://openalex.org/W4388904581","https://openalex.org/W4389127698","https://openalex.org/W4389179952","https://openalex.org/W4389180824","https://openalex.org/W4389316539","https://openalex.org/W4390146309","https://openalex.org/W4390266065","https://openalex.org/W4390880476","https://openalex.org/W4391019374","https://openalex.org/W4391228092","https://openalex.org/W4391597875","https://openalex.org/W4392159001","https://openalex.org/W4393129121","https://openalex.org/W4393346975","https://openalex.org/W4396735683","https://openalex.org/W4399562211","https://openalex.org/W4400731228","https://openalex.org/W4400935419","https://openalex.org/W4401900583","https://openalex.org/W4402081541","https://openalex.org/W4402294554","https://openalex.org/W4402878626","https://openalex.org/W4403100066","https://openalex.org/W4403423060","https://openalex.org/W4404039991","https://openalex.org/W4404417507","https://openalex.org/W4404864289"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4297682653","https://openalex.org/W2005874943","https://openalex.org/W2584640710","https://openalex.org/W2281687774","https://openalex.org/W4389964636","https://openalex.org/W4389633345","https://openalex.org/W4362722353"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Micro/nanorobots":[0],"(MNRs)":[1],"are":[2],"untethered,":[3],"small\u2010scale":[4],"devices":[5],"designed":[6],"to":[7,91,149],"perform":[8],"complex":[9],"tasks":[10],"in":[11,25,57,64,77,95,105,152],"challenging":[12],"and":[13,19,38,72,84,118,135,141,156],"inaccessible":[14],"environments,":[15],"with":[16,98,131],"promising":[17],"biomedicine":[18],"environmental":[20,78,154],"remediation":[21],"applications.":[22],"Recent":[23],"advancements":[24],"multi\u2010module":[26,103],"MNRs,":[27],"which":[28],"incorporate":[29],"functional":[30],"components":[31],"such":[32,80],"as":[33,74,76,81],"actuators,":[34],"propellers,":[35],"imaging":[36],"modalities,":[37],"manipulators,":[39],"have":[40],"significantly":[41],"expanded":[42],"their":[43,62],"capabilities":[44],"while":[45],"addressing":[46],"the":[47,102,125,147],"limitations":[48],"of":[49,127],"single\u2010module":[50],"designs.":[51],"This":[52],"article":[53],"reviews":[54],"recent":[55],"progress":[56],"these":[58,96],"core":[59],"modules,":[60],"emphasizing":[61],"application":[63],"biomedicine,":[65],"including":[66,114],"targeted":[67],"drug":[68],"delivery,":[69],"tissue":[70],"repair,":[71],"diagnosis,":[73],"well":[75],"remediation,":[79],"pollutant":[82],"removal":[83],"microorganism":[85],"treatment.":[86],"It":[87],"highlights":[88],"practical":[89],"strategies":[90],"address":[92],"real\u2010world":[93],"challenges":[94,112],"domains,":[97],"a":[99],"focus":[100],"on":[101],"design":[104],"enhancing":[106],"functionality.":[107],"Despite":[108],"substantial":[109],"advancements,":[110],"key":[111],"persist,":[113],"scalability,":[115],"real\u2010time":[116],"imaging,":[117],"intelligent":[119,128],"control.":[120,143],"Future":[121],"research":[122],"directions":[123],"include":[124],"development":[126],"modules":[129],"equipped":[130],"memory,":[132],"data":[133],"processing,":[134],"communication":[136],"functions,":[137],"enabling":[138],"autonomous":[139],"decision\u2010making":[140],"closed\u2010loop":[142],"These":[144],"developments":[145],"hold":[146],"potential":[148],"foster":[150],"innovation":[151],"medicine,":[153],"sustainability,":[155],"other":[157],"critical":[158],"fields.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-14T06:11:07.267592","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}