{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387771163","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202300229","title":"Adaptive Photochemical Nonlinearities for Optical Neural Networks","display_name":"Adaptive Photochemical Nonlinearities for Optical Neural Networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387771163","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202300229"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/aisy.202300229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202300229","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aisy.202300229","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212817","display_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2640-4567","issn":["2640-4567"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aisy.202300229","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057913931","display_name":"Marlon Becker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22465464","display_name":"University of M\u00fcnster","ror":"https://ror.org/00pd74e08","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099401","display_name":"Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology","ror":"https://ror.org/00s0yct57","country_code":"KZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099401","https://openalex.org/I4401200292"]}],"countries":["DE","KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marlon Becker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Computer Science University of Muenster  Schlossplatz 2 48149 Muenster Germany","Institute for Geoinformatics University of Muenster  Schlossplatz 2 48149 Muenster Germany","Institute for Computer Science, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Muenster, Germany","Institute for Geoinformatics, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Muenster, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Computer Science University of Muenster  Schlossplatz 2 48149 Muenster Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099401"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Geoinformatics University of Muenster  Schlossplatz 2 48149 Muenster Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099401"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Computer Science, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Muenster, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Geoinformatics, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Muenster, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068889540","display_name":"Jan Riegelmeyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3426-2044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099900","display_name":"Augenstern","ror":"https://ror.org/015t3ef28","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099900"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Riegelmeyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for NanoTechnology University of Muenster  Schlossplatz 2 48149 Muenster Germany","Department for Quantum Technology University of Muenster  Schlossplatz 2 48149 Muenster Germany","Center for NanoTechnology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Muenster, Germany","Department for Quantum Technology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Muenster, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for NanoTechnology University of Muenster  Schlossplatz 2 48149 Muenster Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099900"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Quantum Technology University of Muenster  Schlossplatz 2 48149 Muenster Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099900"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for NanoTechnology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Muenster, Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Quantum Technology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Muenster, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071798107","display_name":"Maximilian D. Seyfried","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22465464","display_name":"University of M\u00fcnster","ror":"https://ror.org/00pd74e08","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maximilian David Seyfried","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Soft Nanoscience University of Muenster  Schlossplatz 2 48149 Muenster Germany","Organic Chemistry Institute University of Muenster  Schlossplatz 2 48149 Muenster Germany","Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Muenster, Germany","Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Muenster, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Soft Nanoscience University of Muenster  Schlossplatz 2 48149 Muenster Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Organic Chemistry Institute University of Muenster  Schlossplatz 2 48149 Muenster Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Muenster, Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Muenster, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087994518","display_name":"Bart Jan Ravoo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2202-7485"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22465464","display_name":"University of M\u00fcnster","ror":"https://ror.org/00pd74e08","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bart Jan Ravoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Soft Nanoscience University of Muenster  Schlossplatz 2 48149 Muenster Germany","Organic Chemistry Institute University of Muenster  Schlossplatz 2 48149 Muenster Germany","Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Muenster, Germany","Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Muenster, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Soft Nanoscience University of Muenster  Schlossplatz 2 48149 Muenster Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Organic Chemistry Institute University of Muenster  Schlossplatz 2 48149 Muenster Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Muenster, Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Muenster, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083239361","display_name":"Carsten Schuck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9220-4021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099900","display_name":"Augenstern","ror":"https://ror.org/015t3ef28","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099900"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Carsten Schuck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for NanoTechnology University of Muenster  Schlossplatz 2 48149 Muenster Germany","Department for Quantum Technology University of Muenster  Schlossplatz 2 48149 Muenster Germany","Center for NanoTechnology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Muenster, Germany","Department for Quantum Technology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Muenster, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for NanoTechnology University of Muenster  Schlossplatz 2 48149 Muenster Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099900"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Quantum Technology University of Muenster  Schlossplatz 2 48149 Muenster Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099900"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for NanoTechnology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Muenster, Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Quantum Technology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Muenster, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003115770","display_name":"Benjamin Risse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5691-4029"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22465464","display_name":"University of M\u00fcnster","ror":"https://ror.org/00pd74e08","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099401","display_name":"Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology","ror":"https://ror.org/00s0yct57","country_code":"KZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099401","https://openalex.org/I4401200292"]}],"countries":["DE","KZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Risse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Computer Science University of Muenster  Schlossplatz 2 48149 Muenster Germany","Institute for Geoinformatics University of Muenster  Schlossplatz 2 48149 Muenster Germany","Institute for Computer Science, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Muenster, Germany","Institute for Geoinformatics, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Muenster, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5691-4029","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Computer Science University of Muenster  Schlossplatz 2 48149 Muenster Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099401"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Geoinformatics University of Muenster  Schlossplatz 2 48149 Muenster Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099401"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Computer Science, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Muenster, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Geoinformatics, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Muenster, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003115770","https://openalex.org/A5083239361"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22465464","https://openalex.org/I4210099401","https://openalex.org/I4210099900"],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":{"value":2570,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2771},"fwci":0.3938,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70116487,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"12","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12236","display_name":"Photoreceptor and optogenetics research","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activation-function","display_name":"Activation function","score":0.8144636154174805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.7249729633331299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.6765395402908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5876224040985107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photonics","display_name":"Photonics","score":0.5280027389526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4870779812335968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-system","display_name":"Biological system","score":0.4490719735622406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.2883003354072571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2715253233909607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.20770740509033203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.1406252384185791}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38365724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677469","display_name":"Activation function","level":3,"score":0.8144636154174805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.7249729633331299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.6765395402908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5876224040985107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20788544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467054","display_name":"Photonics","level":2,"score":0.5280027389526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4870779812335968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.4490719735622406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.2883003354072571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2715253233909607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.20770740509033203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.1406252384185791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/aisy.202300229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202300229","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aisy.202300229","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212817","display_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2640-4567","issn":["2640-4567"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f34e4f2fa14a4fdc8c5da3713f126287","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f34e4f2fa14a4fdc8c5da3713f126287","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems, Vol 5, Iss 12, Pp n/a-n/a (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/aisy.202300229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202300229","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aisy.202300229","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212817","display_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2640-4567","issn":["2640-4567"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2355826082","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CRC 1459","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8654037906","display_name":"SFB 1459: Intelligente Materie: Von responsiven zu adaptiven Nanosystemen","funder_award_id":"433682494","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387771163.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387771163.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W168226459","https://openalex.org/W1538110585","https://openalex.org/W1965702053","https://openalex.org/W1984906252","https://openalex.org/W2059210628","https://openalex.org/W2064680090","https://openalex.org/W2084856161","https://openalex.org/W2094010434","https://openalex.org/W2095565245","https://openalex.org/W2098075740","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2160815625","https://openalex.org/W2254450385","https://openalex.org/W2523090265","https://openalex.org/W2533800772","https://openalex.org/W2589828607","https://openalex.org/W2595507424","https://openalex.org/W2752849906","https://openalex.org/W2794284562","https://openalex.org/W2798701005","https://openalex.org/W2887566712","https://openalex.org/W2891113010","https://openalex.org/W2900709571","https://openalex.org/W2913339684","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2923894441","https://openalex.org/W2944119451","https://openalex.org/W2944578243","https://openalex.org/W2960599865","https://openalex.org/W2970080722","https://openalex.org/W3003967059","https://openalex.org/W3023058991","https://openalex.org/W3045731019","https://openalex.org/W3081028044","https://openalex.org/W3096230432","https://openalex.org/W3098695332","https://openalex.org/W3103046660","https://openalex.org/W3103448394","https://openalex.org/W3103881532","https://openalex.org/W3105428834","https://openalex.org/W3107308400","https://openalex.org/W3118265437","https://openalex.org/W3120165331","https://openalex.org/W3121141908","https://openalex.org/W3127985358","https://openalex.org/W3128451613","https://openalex.org/W3148946940","https://openalex.org/W3156357868","https://openalex.org/W3165876013","https://openalex.org/W3169707058","https://openalex.org/W4281845262","https://openalex.org/W4283072048","https://openalex.org/W4292662042","https://openalex.org/W4316174822"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3110577345","https://openalex.org/W2946235959","https://openalex.org/W2902935192","https://openalex.org/W3134817226","https://openalex.org/W3198895633","https://openalex.org/W3034021666","https://openalex.org/W2898900925","https://openalex.org/W3170224572","https://openalex.org/W1985010875","https://openalex.org/W1987591823"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Optical":[0,35],"neural":[1,59,143,167,191],"networks":[2,168],"(ONNs)":[3],"hold":[4],"great":[5],"potential":[6],"for":[7,123,183],"faster":[8],"and":[9,23,43,68,151,165],"more":[10],"energy\u2010efficient":[11],"information":[12],"processing":[13],"in":[14,31,57,82,88,129,141,190],"coherent":[15],"photonic":[16],"circuits.":[17],"To":[18],"realize":[19],"ONNs,":[20],"linear":[21],"combinations":[22],"nonlinear":[24,63,95,176],"activation":[25,53,80,92,134,139,177],"functions":[26,54,81],"have":[27],"to":[28,41,50,90,147,169],"be":[29,108],"implemented":[30],"an":[32,98,138],"optical":[33,100,166],"fashion.":[34],"nonlinearities":[36],"are,":[37],"however,":[38],"still":[39],"difficult":[40],"achieve,":[42],"existing":[44],"designs":[45],"are":[46],"usually":[47],"too":[48],"inflexible":[49],"offer":[51],"different":[52],"as":[55,79],"used":[56],"artificial":[58],"networks.":[60,192],"Herein,":[61],"the":[62,66,105,111,120,173,185],"properties":[64],"of":[65,72,97,104,175,187],"large":[67],"highly":[69],"adaptive":[70],"class":[71],"photoswitchable":[73,162],"chemical":[74,112,163],"compounds":[75,164],"is":[76],"made":[77],"accessible":[78],"ONNs":[83],"by":[84,110],"employing":[85],"photo\u2010induced":[86],"isomerization":[87],"azobenzenes":[89],"steer":[91],"behavior":[93,189],"through":[94],"modulation":[96],"information\u2010carrying":[99],"signal.":[101],"The":[102,156],"strength":[103,150],"nonlinearity":[106],"can":[107],"controlled":[109],"concentration":[113],"while":[114],"a":[115,130,142],"physically":[116],"motivated":[117],"model":[118],"describes":[119],"experimental":[121],"data":[122],"systematically":[124],"varied":[125],"photoswitching":[126],"parameters,":[127],"resulting":[128],"tunable":[131],"yet":[132],"interpretable":[133],"function.":[135],"Employing":[136],"such":[137],"function":[140],"network":[144],"then":[145],"allows":[146],"gauge":[148],"its":[149],"perform":[152],"established":[153],"classification":[154],"tasks.":[155],"work":[157],"combines":[158],"recent":[159],"advances":[160],"with":[161],"enable":[170],"control":[171],"over":[172],"design":[174],"functions,":[178],"thus":[179],"opening":[180],"exciting":[181],"perspectives":[182],"explaining":[184],"emergence":[186],"intelligent":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}