{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308314798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202200225","title":"Modeling and Design of Zero\u2010Stiffness Elastomer Springs Using Machine Learning","display_name":"Modeling and Design of Zero\u2010Stiffness Elastomer Springs Using Machine Learning","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308314798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202200225"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/aisy.202200225","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202200225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212817","display_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2640-4567","issn":["2640-4567"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202200225","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002620174","display_name":"Hyeongkeun Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8694-4659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyeongkeun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign  Urbana IL 61801 USA","Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign  Urbana IL 61801 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036247243","display_name":"Sameh Tawfick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3645-527X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sameh H. Tawfick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign  Urbana IL 61801 USA","Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign  Urbana IL 61801 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065601087","display_name":"William P. King","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8606-1290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"William P. King","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign  Urbana IL 61801 USA","Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801 USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8606-1290","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign  Urbana IL 61801 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065601087"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"fwci":1.1207,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73512975,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"12","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12907","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering and Vibrations Research","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12907","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering and Vibrations Research","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10810","display_name":"Polymer composites and self-healing","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2507","display_name":"Polymers and Plastics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stiffness","display_name":"Stiffness","score":0.6042789816856384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.5834203362464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/buckling","display_name":"Buckling","score":0.567003071308136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stress","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","score":0.4970608055591583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.484347939491272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metamaterial","display_name":"Metamaterial","score":0.4687414765357971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elastomer","display_name":"Elastomer","score":0.45865485072135925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45424067974090576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.4539196491241455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spring","display_name":"Spring (device)","score":0.4260247051715851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vibration","display_name":"Vibration","score":0.41612106561660767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.3648580312728882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22815564274787903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.2006511390209198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.16967922449111938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15567496418952942}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779372316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569057","display_name":"Stiffness","level":2,"score":0.6042789816856384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.5834203362464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85476182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693104","display_name":"Buckling","level":2,"score":0.567003071308136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21036866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181767","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4970608055591583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.484347939491272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110367647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q497166","display_name":"Metamaterial","level":2,"score":0.4687414765357971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38052585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252266","display_name":"Elastomer","level":2,"score":0.45865485072135925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45424067974090576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.4539196491241455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778712887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102836","display_name":"Spring (device)","level":2,"score":0.4260247051715851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198394728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3695508","display_name":"Vibration","level":2,"score":0.41612106561660767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3648580312728882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22815564274787903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.2006511390209198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.16967922449111938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15567496418952942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/aisy.202200225","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202200225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212817","display_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2640-4567","issn":["2640-4567"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7f60b8c8f45241898f3ad0528c5efd08","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7f60b8c8f45241898f3ad0528c5efd08","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems, Vol 4, Iss 12, Pp n/a-n/a (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/aisy.202200225","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202200225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212817","display_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2640-4567","issn":["2640-4567"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W134197611","https://openalex.org/W1541360842","https://openalex.org/W1820253700","https://openalex.org/W1882735753","https://openalex.org/W1917020151","https://openalex.org/W1999303985","https://openalex.org/W2005397696","https://openalex.org/W2007305768","https://openalex.org/W2018678196","https://openalex.org/W2065999873","https://openalex.org/W2067268937","https://openalex.org/W2077098498","https://openalex.org/W2099006292","https://openalex.org/W2116045087","https://openalex.org/W2138537392","https://openalex.org/W2143765114","https://openalex.org/W2155943302","https://openalex.org/W2174690427","https://openalex.org/W2204074755","https://openalex.org/W2346040907","https://openalex.org/W2516723947","https://openalex.org/W2518893003","https://openalex.org/W2565037204","https://openalex.org/W2597626167","https://openalex.org/W2624295002","https://openalex.org/W2734669961","https://openalex.org/W2765802355","https://openalex.org/W2770328261","https://openalex.org/W2788091805","https://openalex.org/W2801458905","https://openalex.org/W2808507688","https://openalex.org/W2810686675","https://openalex.org/W2897395079","https://openalex.org/W2912770848","https://openalex.org/W2979896295","https://openalex.org/W2989902144","https://openalex.org/W2999881002","https://openalex.org/W3012826339","https://openalex.org/W3023001773","https://openalex.org/W3033937423","https://openalex.org/W3047597904","https://openalex.org/W3126876084","https://openalex.org/W3137406348","https://openalex.org/W3162087380","https://openalex.org/W3170070680","https://openalex.org/W3197080633","https://openalex.org/W4205736971","https://openalex.org/W4205858627","https://openalex.org/W4206165928","https://openalex.org/W4212852893","https://openalex.org/W4214817531","https://openalex.org/W4224069952","https://openalex.org/W4224999653","https://openalex.org/W4243347351","https://openalex.org/W4250819878","https://openalex.org/W4281666263"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W946793292","https://openalex.org/W2941013975","https://openalex.org/W1570806970","https://openalex.org/W2790729869","https://openalex.org/W2174268617","https://openalex.org/W194827383","https://openalex.org/W2004808456","https://openalex.org/W1994943997","https://openalex.org/W3034644892","https://openalex.org/W2376984092"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Architected":[0],"metamaterials":[1,30],"exhibit":[2],"complex":[3,198],"stress\u2013strain":[4],"responses,":[5],"such":[6,23,48],"as":[7,24,49,53,55,128,130],"quasi\u2010zero":[8],"stiffness":[9],"(QZS)":[10],"plateau":[11,83,182],"response":[12,117,122,155,174,177],"useful":[13],"in":[14,42,196],"vibration":[15],"and":[16,51,57,72,118,138,175,194],"energy":[17],"absorption,":[18],"by":[19,99],"exploiting":[20],"elastic":[21],"instabilities":[22],"buckling.":[25],"However,":[26],"the":[27,40,73,114,120,136,141,153,158,172,179,188],"design":[28,74,96,148],"of":[29,75,113,181,190],"with":[31,64,79,94,127],"prescribed":[32],"nonlinear":[33,45,76],"mechanical":[34,46,116,121,154],"properties":[35],"is":[36,84,108,165,169],"challenging":[37],"due":[38],"to":[39,68,144,151],"difficulty":[41],"accurately":[43],"predicting":[44],"responses":[47],"buckling":[50],"self\u2010contact,":[52],"well":[54],"geometric":[56,137],"material":[58,139,199],"uncertainties.":[59],"Herein,":[60],"additive":[61],"manufacturing":[62],"(AM)":[63],"machine":[65],"learning":[66],"(ML)":[67],"demonstrate":[69],"data\u2010driven":[70,192],"modeling":[71],"elastomeric":[77],"springs":[78],"a":[80,124],"broad":[81],"stress":[82,183],"combined.":[85],"243":[86],"elastomer":[87],"chi":[88],"(":[89],"\u03c7":[90],")":[91],"spring":[92],"parts":[93],"different":[95],"parameters":[97],"fabricated":[98],"AM":[100,195],"are":[101],"tested.":[102],"A":[103],"Gaussian":[104],"process":[105],"(GP)":[106],"model":[107,143],"trained":[109],"on":[110,157],"key":[111],"features":[112],"measured":[115,176],"predicts":[119],"within":[123],"3%":[125],"error":[126],"few":[129],"97":[131],"parts.":[132],"To":[133],"account":[134],"for":[135],"uncertainties,":[140],"GP":[142],"develop":[145],"an":[146],"uncertainty\u2010aware":[147],"optimization":[149],"approach":[150],"tailor":[152],"based":[156],"covariance":[159],"matrix":[160],"adaptation":[161],"evolution":[162],"strategy":[163],"(CMA\u2010ES)":[164],"utilized.":[166],"Excellent":[167],"agreement":[168],"demonstrated":[170],"between":[171],"designed":[173],"over":[178],"range":[180],"considered.":[184],"The":[185],"research":[186],"illustrates":[187],"promise":[189],"experimental":[191],"approaches":[193],"enabling":[197],"design.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}