{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283261154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202200058","title":"Evolutionary Learning of Binary Neural Network Using a TaO<sub><i>x</i></sub> Memristor via Stochastic Stateful Logic","display_name":"Evolutionary Learning of Binary Neural Network Using a TaO<sub><i>x</i></sub> Memristor via Stochastic Stateful Logic","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283261154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202200058"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/aisy.202200058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202200058","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aisy.202200058","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212817","display_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2640-4567","issn":["2640-4567"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aisy.202200058","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100761870","display_name":"Do Hoon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7187-3306"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Do Hoon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering KAIST  Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea","Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering KAIST  Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100770047","display_name":"Young Seok Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2305-4605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Young Seok Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering KAIST  Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea","Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering KAIST  Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027117295","display_name":"Woon Hyung Cheong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4738-3075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Woon Hyung Cheong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering KAIST  Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea","Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering KAIST  Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055551239","display_name":"Hanchan Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2968-7216"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanchan Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering KAIST  Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea","Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering KAIST  Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050457176","display_name":"Hakseung Rhee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1682-3928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hakseung Rhee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering KAIST  Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea","Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering KAIST  Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000752657","display_name":"Sooyeon Narie Kay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7947-991X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sooyeon Narie Kay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering KAIST  Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea","Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering KAIST  Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030049476","display_name":"Jin\u2010Woo Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-1310"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280536761","display_name":"Ames Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02acart68","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280536761","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin-Woo Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Nanotechnology NASA Ames Research Center  Moffett Field CA 94035 USA","Center for Nanotechnology, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Nanotechnology NASA Ames Research Center  Moffett Field CA 94035 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280536761"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Nanotechnology, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280536761"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100332056","display_name":"Kyung Min Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0190-4226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kyung Min Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering KAIST  Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea","Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0190-4226","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering KAIST  Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100332056"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"fwci":0.4463,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54953579,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"9","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stateful-firewall","display_name":"Stateful firewall","score":0.9485285878181458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.8793066143989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memristor","display_name":"Memristor","score":0.7712035179138184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6711001992225647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6493788957595825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.4889048635959625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crossover","display_name":"Crossover","score":0.4857214093208313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43292921781539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.35596030950546265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3341379761695862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.23097532987594604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.12473341822624207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12100446224212646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.10481375455856323}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22927095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1784206","display_name":"Stateful firewall","level":3,"score":0.9485285878181458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.8793066143989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150072547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212923","display_name":"Memristor","level":2,"score":0.7712035179138184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6711001992225647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6493788957595825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4889048635959625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122507166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628906","display_name":"Crossover","level":2,"score":0.4857214093208313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43292921781539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.35596030950546265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3341379761695862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.23097532987594604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.12473341822624207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12100446224212646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.10481375455856323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/aisy.202200058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202200058","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aisy.202200058","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212817","display_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2640-4567","issn":["2640-4567"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:473de945cf3144e0bf177982820a9db0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/473de945cf3144e0bf177982820a9db0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems, Vol 4, Iss 9, Pp n/a-n/a (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/aisy.202200058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202200058","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aisy.202200058","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212817","display_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2640-4567","issn":["2640-4567"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1840143197","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020M3F3A2A01081916","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2456635992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N10210003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324161","funder_display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3389518589","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N11210152","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324161","funder_display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4670834932","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020M3F3A2A01081916","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5869130340","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020M3F3A2A01081585","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317879","display_name":"SK Hynix","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324161","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283261154.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283261154.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1542981317","https://openalex.org/W1995924881","https://openalex.org/W2025674646","https://openalex.org/W2066014290","https://openalex.org/W2122689321","https://openalex.org/W2138913040","https://openalex.org/W2409537375","https://openalex.org/W2596998695","https://openalex.org/W2610452982","https://openalex.org/W2763837069","https://openalex.org/W2782791387","https://openalex.org/W2792208628","https://openalex.org/W2845210056","https://openalex.org/W2889463071","https://openalex.org/W2891281574","https://openalex.org/W2900162849","https://openalex.org/W2923010225","https://openalex.org/W2934154608","https://openalex.org/W2942624945","https://openalex.org/W2951990515","https://openalex.org/W2952797486","https://openalex.org/W2960778947","https://openalex.org/W2960912920","https://openalex.org/W2964263004","https://openalex.org/W2965806839","https://openalex.org/W2972862238","https://openalex.org/W3004007744","https://openalex.org/W3013080934","https://openalex.org/W3015006963","https://openalex.org/W3015724253","https://openalex.org/W3024295119","https://openalex.org/W3035117791","https://openalex.org/W3036995891","https://openalex.org/W3038129536","https://openalex.org/W3039567124","https://openalex.org/W3043149527","https://openalex.org/W3044893488","https://openalex.org/W3082532148","https://openalex.org/W3099086962","https://openalex.org/W3099748564","https://openalex.org/W3105270833","https://openalex.org/W3136154048","https://openalex.org/W3141689620","https://openalex.org/W3176270230","https://openalex.org/W3196469360"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1872623660","https://openalex.org/W4292697011","https://openalex.org/W3207218810","https://openalex.org/W3212508523","https://openalex.org/W1995352804","https://openalex.org/W2086672837","https://openalex.org/W2016922062","https://openalex.org/W4367187682","https://openalex.org/W2909534142","https://openalex.org/W3215957123"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Memristive":[0],"stateful":[1,68],"logic":[2,69],"for":[3,10,104],"Boolean":[4],"computers":[5,12],"and":[6,74,97],"memristive":[7,60],"neural":[8,61,123],"networks":[9],"neuromorphic":[11,51],"are":[13],"two":[14,45],"distinct":[15],"emerging":[16],"applications":[17],"enabled":[18],"by":[19],"memristors":[20],"in":[21,50,58],"future":[22],"computing.":[23],"Interestingly,":[24],"they":[25],"both":[26],"utilize":[27],"an":[28],"identical":[29],"crossbar":[30],"array":[31],"platform,":[32],"suggesting":[33],"their":[34],"simultaneous":[35],"implementation":[36],"is":[37,53,63,111,114],"possible.":[38],"Herein,":[39],"a":[40,105,120],"new":[41],"methodology":[42],"combining":[43],"the":[44,59,66,71,83,91],"technologies":[46],"to":[47,116],"create":[48],"synergy":[49],"computing":[52],"proposed.":[54],"A":[55],"genetic":[56,79],"algorithm":[57],"network":[62,110],"introduced,":[64],"where":[65],"stochastic":[67],"realizes":[70],"required":[72],"mutation":[73],"crossover":[75],"operators.":[76],"Under":[77],"optimized":[78],"evolution":[80],"conditions":[81],"with":[82],"fittest":[84],"selection":[85],"algorithm,":[86],"without":[87],"any":[88],"backpropagation":[89],"circuits,":[90],"modified":[92],"national":[93],"institute":[94],"of":[95,102],"standards":[96],"technology":[98],"dataset":[99],"recognition":[100],"accuracy":[101,118],"90.1%":[103],"784":[106],"\u00d7":[107],"100":[108],"size":[109],"anticipated,":[112],"which":[113],"comparable":[115],"93.9%":[117],"using":[119],"conventional":[121],"deep":[122],"network.":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2022-06-23T00:00:00"}