{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2071225610","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1689(199906)9:2<107::aid-stvr176>3.0.co;2-y","title":"LVT: a layered verification technique for distributed computing systems","display_name":"LVT: a layered verification technique for distributed computing systems","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2071225610","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1689(199906)9:2<107::aid-stvr176>3.0.co;2-y","mag":"2071225610"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1689(199906)9:2<107::aid-stvr176>3.0.co;2-y","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1689(199906)9:2<107::aid-stvr176>3.0.co;2-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83624231","display_name":"Software Testing Verification and Reliability","issn_l":"0960-0833","issn":["0960-0833","1099-1689"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Software Testing, Verification and Reliability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100606176","display_name":"Cui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6432-1984"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43522216","display_name":"California State University, Sacramento","ror":"https://ror.org/03e26wv14","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43522216"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, California State University, Sacramento, CA 95819-6021, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, California State University, Sacramento, CA 95819-6021, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43522216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019011650","display_name":"Brian R. Becker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian R. Becker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8562, U.S.A","Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616\u20108562, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8562, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616\u20108562, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013151492","display_name":"Dave Peticolas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dave Peticolas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8562, U.S.A","Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616\u20108562, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8562, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616\u20108562, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051046470","display_name":"Ronald A. Olsson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0725-5180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronald A. Olsson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8562, U.S.A","Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616\u20108562, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8562, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616\u20108562, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009965537","display_name":"Karl Levitt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1464-2966"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karl N. Levitt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8562, U.S.A","Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616\u20108562, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8562, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616\u20108562, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100606176"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43522216"],"apc_list":{"value":3760,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3760},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.21624445,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"2","first_page":"107","last_page":"133"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8546374440193176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.6209359169006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.549915611743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.48391109704971313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.42977967858314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.4066523313522339}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8546374440193176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.6209359169006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.549915611743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.48391109704971313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.42977967858314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4066523313522339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1689(199906)9:2<107::aid-stvr176>3.0.co;2-y","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1689(199906)9:2<107::aid-stvr176>3.0.co;2-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83624231","display_name":"Software Testing Verification and Reliability","issn_l":"0960-0833","issn":["0960-0833","1099-1689"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Software Testing, Verification and Reliability","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.22.9901","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.22.9901","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.ucdavis.edu/~olsson/pubs/1999/lvt.ps","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487643886","https://openalex.org/W1521083034","https://openalex.org/W1534850143","https://openalex.org/W1566218733","https://openalex.org/W1741698332","https://openalex.org/W2060361043","https://openalex.org/W2066210260","https://openalex.org/W2084715426","https://openalex.org/W2099078002","https://openalex.org/W2103953153","https://openalex.org/W2132107743","https://openalex.org/W2341767296","https://openalex.org/W2561675875","https://openalex.org/W2911952004","https://openalex.org/W4246059478","https://openalex.org/W4300042523","https://openalex.org/W6603876401","https://openalex.org/W6633880784"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3008339103","https://openalex.org/W2404647514","https://openalex.org/W4252501555","https://openalex.org/W2003848320","https://openalex.org/W2171648479","https://openalex.org/W2132806979","https://openalex.org/W1713081424","https://openalex.org/W1523769955","https://openalex.org/W2245390655","https://openalex.org/W188282463"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,104],"paper":[1,105],"presents":[2,107],"a":[3,25,39,55,60,77,86,101,116,124,130,147,158,186],"layered":[4],"verification":[5,11,81,96,114,240],"technique,":[6],"called":[7],"LVT,":[8],"for":[9,100,142],"the":[10,34,69,95,108,113,152,162,166,182,202,206,217,228,247],"of":[12,31,33,43,48,76,82,97,110,115,135,185,204,223,233],"distributed":[13,56,61,87,102,117,127,187],"computing":[14,57,70,88,118],"systems":[15],"with":[16],"multiple":[17,131],"component":[18],"layers.":[19,197],"Each":[20,64],"lower":[21],"layer":[22,53,84,164],"in":[23,29,54,68,74,85,151,221,231],"such":[24],"system":[26,58,71,89,140,214,219],"provides":[27],"services":[28],"support":[30],"functionality":[32],"higher":[35],"layer.":[36,168],"By":[37],"taking":[38],"very":[40],"general":[41],"view":[42],"programming":[44,62,128],"languages":[45],"as":[46,59,94],"interfaces":[47],"systems,":[49],"LVT":[50,111,176],"treats":[51],"each":[52,83],"language.":[63,79,103],"relatively":[65],"higher-level":[66],"language":[67,154,163],"is":[72,194],"implemented":[73,156,172],"terms":[75,222,232],"lower-level":[78],"The":[80,198,237],"can":[90],"then":[91],"be":[92],"viewed":[93],"implementation":[98],"correctness":[99,203],"also":[106],"application":[109,179],"to":[112,165,212],"system,":[119],"which":[120],"has":[121],"three":[122],"layers:":[123],"small":[125],"high-level":[126,153],"language;":[129],"processor":[132],"architecture":[133],"consisting":[134],"an":[136],"instruction":[137],"set":[138],"and":[139,146,177,226,239],"calls":[141,170,220,230],"inter-process":[143,192],"message":[144],"passing;":[145],"network":[148,174,224,229,234],"interface.":[149],"Programs":[150],"are":[155,171,242],"by":[157,173,245],"compiler":[159],"mapping":[160],"from":[161],"multiprocessor":[167],"System":[169],"services.":[175],"its":[178,191],"demonstrate":[180],"that":[181,209],"correct":[183],"execution":[184],"program,":[188],"most":[189],"notably":[190],"communication,":[193],"verifiable":[195],"through":[196],"verified":[199],"layers":[200],"guarantee":[201],"(1)":[205],"compiled":[207],"code":[208],"makes":[210],"reference":[211],"operating":[213,218],"calls,":[215,225],"(2)":[216],"(3)":[227],"transmission":[235],"steps.":[236],"specification":[238],"involved":[241],"carried":[243],"out":[244],"using":[246],"Cambridge":[248],"Higher":[249],"Order":[250],"Logic":[251],"(HOL)":[252],"theorem":[253],"proving":[254],"system.":[255],"Copyright":[256],"\u00a9":[257],"1999":[258],"John":[259],"Wiley":[260],"&":[261],"Sons,":[262],"Ltd.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}