{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1983162401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1247(199705/06)15:3<135::aid-sat571>3.0.co;2-o","title":"Precise time synchronization of two Milstar communications satellites without ground intervention","display_name":"Precise time synchronization of two Milstar communications satellites without ground intervention","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1983162401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1247(199705/06)15:3<135::aid-sat571>3.0.co;2-o","mag":"1983162401"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1247(199705/06)15:3<135::aid-sat571>3.0.co;2-o","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1247(199705/06)15:3<135::aid-sat571>3.0.co;2-o","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S15314142","display_name":"International Journal of Satellite Communications","issn_l":"0737-2884","issn":["0737-2884","1099-1247"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Satellite Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075158625","display_name":"J. C. Camparo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0554-6470"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169540460","display_name":"The Aerospace Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/01ar9e455","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169540460"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. C. Camparo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technology Operations, The Aerospace Corporation, PO Box 92957, Los Angeles, CA 90009, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology Operations, The Aerospace Corporation, PO Box 92957, Los Angeles, CA 90009, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169540460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010447050","display_name":"R. P. Frueholz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169540460","display_name":"The Aerospace Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/01ar9e455","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169540460"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. P. Frueholz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technology Operations, The Aerospace Corporation, PO Box 92957, Los Angeles, CA 90009, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology Operations, The Aerospace Corporation, PO Box 92957, Los Angeles, CA 90009, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169540460"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041781109","display_name":"A. P. Dubin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169540460","display_name":"The Aerospace Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/01ar9e455","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169540460"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. P. Dubin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Milsatcom Division, The Aerospace Corporation, PO Box 92957, Los Angeles, CA 90009, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Milsatcom Division, The Aerospace Corporation, PO Box 92957, Los Angeles, CA 90009, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169540460"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075158625"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169540460"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7763,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65914479,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"3","first_page":"135","last_page":"139"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11993","display_name":"Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9641000032424927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.7268067598342896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.6655105352401733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geosynchronous-orbit","display_name":"Geosynchronous orbit","score":0.6145051717758179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atomic-clock","display_name":"Atomic clock","score":0.6083648204803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spacecraft","display_name":"Spacecraft","score":0.5847533941268921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4830263555049896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-station","display_name":"Ground station","score":0.4760591685771942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4459041655063629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-synchronization","display_name":"Clock synchronization","score":0.42644429206848145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.39908367395401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.24034041166305542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20909550786018372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.1813449263572693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17112070322036743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.11105543375015259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.08763700723648071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.7268067598342896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.6655105352401733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94042562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472251","display_name":"Geosynchronous orbit","level":3,"score":0.6145051717758179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196597080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q227467","display_name":"Atomic clock","level":2,"score":0.6083648204803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29829512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40218","display_name":"Spacecraft","level":2,"score":0.5847533941268921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4830263555049896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989135121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349167","display_name":"Ground station","level":3,"score":0.4760591685771942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4459041655063629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129891060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513059","display_name":"Clock synchronization","level":4,"score":0.42644429206848145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.39908367395401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24034041166305542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20909550786018372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.1813449263572693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17112070322036743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.11105543375015259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08763700723648071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184779094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383","display_name":"Atomic physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1247(199705/06)15:3<135::aid-sat571>3.0.co;2-o","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1247(199705/06)15:3<135::aid-sat571>3.0.co;2-o","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S15314142","display_name":"International Journal of Satellite Communications","issn_l":"0737-2884","issn":["0737-2884","1099-1247"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Satellite Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1624614510","https://openalex.org/W1632691311","https://openalex.org/W1965870380","https://openalex.org/W1976245468","https://openalex.org/W2101633823","https://openalex.org/W2111959868","https://openalex.org/W2144875445"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2743664886","https://openalex.org/W2390201687","https://openalex.org/W1968614671","https://openalex.org/W1632494259","https://openalex.org/W2523671322","https://openalex.org/W4250382509","https://openalex.org/W3160767232","https://openalex.org/W1976838722","https://openalex.org/W3152072968","https://openalex.org/W2887524094"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Satellite":[0],"navigation":[1],"and":[2,30,35,74,113,205],"communication":[3],"systems":[4],"often":[5],"require":[6],"precise":[7,93],"synchronization":[8,211],"among":[9],"spacecraft":[10,28],"clocks.":[11],"In":[12,80,170],"the":[13,26,33,49,53,58,61,85,100,106,119,127,139,142,158,164,177,181,225],"traditional":[14,50],"method":[15],"for":[16,63,92],"achieving":[17],"synchronization,":[18],"a":[19],"ground":[20,59,65,151,200,218,232],"station":[21,201,233],"makes":[22],"time-offset":[23],"measurements":[24,202],"to":[25,48,67,89,118,146,166,212,224],"various":[27],"clocks,":[29],"then":[31],"updates":[32],"time":[34,95,112],"frequency":[36,114],"of":[37,144,180,203],"each":[38],"satellite":[39,87,94,168,183,210],"as":[40],"needed.":[41],"Though":[42],"straightforward":[43],"in":[44,70,77],"its":[45,111],"implementation,":[46],"disadvantages":[47],"approach":[51],"include":[52],"large":[54],"workload":[55],"placed":[56],"on":[57],"station,":[60],"need":[62],"multiple":[64],"stations":[66],"view":[68],"satellites":[69,221],"different":[71],"geosynchronous":[72],"positions,":[73],"unaccounted-for":[75],"delays":[76],"atmospheric":[78],"propagation.":[79],"early":[81],"1996":[82],"Milstar":[83,108,129,226],"became":[84],"first":[86,107,175],"system":[88,238],"employ":[90],"crosslinks":[91],"synchronization.":[96],"At":[97],"that":[98,190,208],"time,":[99],"crystal":[101],"oscillator":[102],"clock":[103,123,135],"onboard":[104,125],"FLT-1,":[105],"satellite,":[109],"had":[110],"tied":[115],"(i.e.,":[116],"slaved)":[117],"rubidium":[120],"(Rb)":[121],"atomic":[122,134],"carried":[124],"FLT-2,":[126],"second":[128],"satellite.":[130],"The":[131],"FLT-2":[132,147,167,206],"Rb":[133],"was":[136,148,161],"controlled":[137],"by":[138,157],"ground,":[140],"while":[141],"slaving":[143,159,229],"FLT-1":[145,165,204],"accomplished":[149],"without":[150,217],"intervention:":[152],"all":[153],"timing":[154],"information":[155],"required":[156],"algorithm":[160],"obtained":[162],"through":[163],"crosslink.":[169],"this":[171],"paper":[172],"we":[173,197],"will":[174,198,230],"show":[176],"timekeeping":[178,207,234],"capabilities":[179],"two":[182],"clocks":[184,192],"when":[185],"operating":[186,239],"independently,":[187],"which":[188],"indicate":[189],"both":[191],"are":[193,222],"performing":[194],"well.":[195],"Then,":[196],"present":[199],"demonstrate":[209],"better":[213],"than":[214],"150":[215],"nsec":[216],"intervention.":[219],"As":[220],"added":[223],"constellation,":[227],"crosslink":[228],"minimize":[231],"activities,":[235],"thereby":[236],"lowering":[237],"costs.":[240],"\u00a9":[241],"1997":[242],"John":[243],"Wiley":[244],"&":[245],"Sons,":[246],"Ltd.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
