{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2141763838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(1999)50:10<882::aid-asi5>3.0.co;2-6","title":"Measuring search-engine quality and query difficulty: Ranking with target and freestyle","display_name":"Measuring search-engine quality and query difficulty: Ranking with target and freestyle","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2141763838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(1999)50:10<882::aid-asi5>3.0.co;2-6","mag":"2141763838"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(1999)50:10<882::aid-asi5>3.0.co;2-6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(1999)50:10<882::aid-asi5>3.0.co;2-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220780","display_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","issn_l":"0002-8231","issn":["0002-8231","1097-4571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082215823","display_name":"Robert M. Losee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert M. Losee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Library Science, Manning Hall, CB#3360, University of North Carolina\u2013Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3360","University of North Carolina\u2014Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Library Science, Manning Hall, CB#3360, University of North Carolina\u2013Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3360","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Carolina\u2014Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084250465","display_name":"Lee Anne H. Paris","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28330173","display_name":"Oklahoma Christian University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vbtbv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28330173"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lee Anne H. Paris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oklahoma Christian University Library, Oklahoma Christian University, P.O. Box 11000, Oklahoma City, OK 73136","Oklahoma Christian Univ., Oklahoma City#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oklahoma Christian University Library, Oklahoma Christian University, P.O. Box 11000, Oklahoma City, OK 73136","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28330173"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oklahoma Christian Univ., Oklahoma City#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28330173"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082215823","https://openalex.org/A5084250465"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177","https://openalex.org/I28330173"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3537,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94960599,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"50","issue":"10","first_page":"882","last_page":"889"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12016","display_name":"Web Data Mining and Analysis","score":0.9807999730110168,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13274","display_name":"Expert finding and Q&A systems","score":0.9800999760627747,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.7979576587677002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine","display_name":"Search engine","score":0.7536281943321228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.6726816296577454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/query-expansion","display_name":"Query expansion","score":0.6633697748184204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6521816849708557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5198239088058472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recall","display_name":"Recall","score":0.5184180736541748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-query-classification","display_name":"Web query classification","score":0.5010733604431152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/query-optimization","display_name":"Query optimization","score":0.49045321345329285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-search-query","display_name":"Web search query","score":0.48993080854415894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sargable","display_name":"Sargable","score":0.46081703901290894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall","display_name":"Precision and recall","score":0.41829007863998413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.07348015904426575}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.7979576587677002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97854310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19541","display_name":"Search engine","level":2,"score":0.7536281943321228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.6726816296577454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99016210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5488129","display_name":"Query expansion","level":2,"score":0.6633697748184204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6521816849708557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5198239088058472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.5184180736541748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118689300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7978614","display_name":"Web query classification","level":4,"score":0.5010733604431152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157692150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2919848","display_name":"Query optimization","level":2,"score":0.49045321345329285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164120249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q995982","display_name":"Web search query","level":3,"score":0.48993080854415894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192939062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104840822","display_name":"Sargable","level":4,"score":0.46081703901290894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.41829007863998413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.07348015904426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(1999)50:10<882::aid-asi5>3.0.co;2-6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(1999)50:10<882::aid-asi5>3.0.co;2-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220780","display_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","issn_l":"0002-8231","issn":["0002-8231","1097-4571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.61.914","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.61.914","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.ils.unc.edu/~losee/par/paril.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W262937344","https://openalex.org/W579717613","https://openalex.org/W1542825220","https://openalex.org/W1550436572","https://openalex.org/W1598520654","https://openalex.org/W1601742271","https://openalex.org/W1956559956","https://openalex.org/W1965642307","https://openalex.org/W1969787028","https://openalex.org/W1991246389","https://openalex.org/W2006619655","https://openalex.org/W2008525336","https://openalex.org/W2008883775","https://openalex.org/W2039726506","https://openalex.org/W2040214686","https://openalex.org/W2043909051","https://openalex.org/W2051261108","https://openalex.org/W2067624846","https://openalex.org/W2082729696","https://openalex.org/W2093583221","https://openalex.org/W2095841881","https://openalex.org/W2108387947","https://openalex.org/W2110420103","https://openalex.org/W2119652477","https://openalex.org/W2144211451","https://openalex.org/W2165612380","https://openalex.org/W2171306357","https://openalex.org/W2325227998","https://openalex.org/W2333893391","https://openalex.org/W2502246648","https://openalex.org/W2509402377","https://openalex.org/W2887107689","https://openalex.org/W2946602246","https://openalex.org/W4234466441","https://openalex.org/W6609729180","https://openalex.org/W6616751101","https://openalex.org/W6632422714","https://openalex.org/W6633001803","https://openalex.org/W6640862754","https://openalex.org/W6777639365"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2096359267","https://openalex.org/W2026738364","https://openalex.org/W2901901036","https://openalex.org/W2124814993","https://openalex.org/W1793997780","https://openalex.org/W2013069866","https://openalex.org/W2093300859","https://openalex.org/W2572349046","https://openalex.org/W1560919561","https://openalex.org/W2538384344"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Instead":[0],"of":[1,45,61,96],"using":[2],"traditional":[3,57],"performance":[4,13,60,98],"measures":[5,44,95],"such":[6,99],"as":[7,100],"precision":[8],"and":[9,27,51,64,70,85],"recall,":[10],"information":[11],"retrieval":[12,97],"may":[14],"be":[15],"measured":[16],"by":[17],"considering":[18],"the":[19,22,28,62,77],"probability":[20],"that":[21],"search":[23,66],"engine":[24],"is":[25,68,71,80],"optimal":[26],"difficulty":[29,83,108],"associated":[30],"with":[31,34,93,111],"retrieving":[32],"documents":[33],"a":[35,40,82],"given":[36,41],"query":[37,75,107,112],"or":[38,103],"on":[39],"topic.":[42],"These":[43],"desirable":[46],"characteristics":[47],"are":[48,56,88],"more":[49,52],"easily":[50],"directly":[53],"interpretable":[54],"than":[55],"measures.":[58],"The":[59,106],"Target":[63],"Freestyle":[65],"engines":[67],"examined,":[69],"very":[72],"good.":[73],"Each":[74],"in":[76],"CF":[78],"database":[79],"assigned":[81],"number,":[84],"these":[86],"numbers":[87],"found":[89],"to":[90],"strongly":[91],"correlate":[92],"other":[94],"an":[101],"E":[102],"F":[104],"value.":[105],"correlates":[109],"weakly":[110],"length.":[113]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-23T06:36:01.041984","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}