{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2092669241","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(199705)48:5<418::aid-asi4>3.0.co;2-y","title":"Why words and co-words cannot map the development of the sciences","display_name":"Why words and co-words cannot map the development of the sciences","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2092669241","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(199705)48:5<418::aid-asi4>3.0.co;2-y","mag":"2092669241"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(199705)48:5<418::aid-asi4>3.0.co;2-y","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(199705)48:5<418::aid-asi4>3.0.co;2-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220780","display_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","issn_l":"0002-8231","issn":["0002-8231","1097-4571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024996172","display_name":"Loet Leydesdorff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7835-3098"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Loet Leydesdorff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Science and Technology Dynamics, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Science and Technology Dynamics, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024996172"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3681,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":170,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59568032,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"48","issue":"5","first_page":"418","last_page":"427"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10102","display_name":"scientometrics and bibliometrics research","score":0.9690999984741211,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terminology","display_name":"Terminology","score":0.7206743955612183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.6201764941215515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meaning","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","score":0.6016387939453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.48975419998168945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4771032929420471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.4663628339767456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexicographical-order","display_name":"Lexicographical order","score":0.4545612931251526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.4316534399986267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4263472557067871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41762956976890564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3419708013534546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.28080180287361145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.16483232378959656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.13468819856643677}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547195049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1725664","display_name":"Terminology","level":2,"score":0.7206743955612183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6201764941215515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.6016387939453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.48975419998168945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4771032929420471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4663628339767456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159254197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1144915","display_name":"Lexicographical order","level":2,"score":0.4545612931251526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.4316534399986267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4263472557067871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41762956976890564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3419708013534546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.28080180287361145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.16483232378959656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.13468819856643677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(199705)48:5<418::aid-asi4>3.0.co;2-y","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(199705)48:5<418::aid-asi4>3.0.co;2-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220780","display_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","issn_l":"0002-8231","issn":["0002-8231","1097-4571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dare.uva.nl:openaire_cris_publications/91d63e29-060c-4cd3-a6e5-8cc9c5e9a772","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://handle.uba.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/why-words-and-cowords-cannot-map-the-development-of-the-sciences(91d63e29-060c-4cd3-a6e5-8cc9c5e9a772).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400088","display_name":"UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","host_organization_name":"University of Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Leydesdorff, L 1997, 'Why Words and Co-Words Cannot Map the Development of the Sciences', Journal of the American Society for Information Science, vol. 48, pp. 418-427.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:uvapub:oai:dare.uva.nl:publications/91d63e29-060c-4cd3-a6e5-8cc9c5e9a772","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dare.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/why-words-and-cowords-cannot-map-the-development-of-the-sciences(91d63e29-060c-4cd3-a6e5-8cc9c5e9a772).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 48, 418 - 427. John Wiley and Sons Inc.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2376690967","https://openalex.org/W2360025963","https://openalex.org/W1980471782","https://openalex.org/W2379106233","https://openalex.org/W1968011458","https://openalex.org/W2767317664","https://openalex.org/W2952340579","https://openalex.org/W3156779746"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"restricted":[1],"set":[2,53],"of":[3,9,17,21,27,51,65,67,75,98,113,115,121,125],"full-text":[4],"articles":[5],"from":[6,78,137],"a":[7,32],"sub-specialty":[8],"biochemistry":[10],"was":[11],"analyzed":[12],"and":[13,19,38,72,103,123],"compared":[14],"in":[15,44,63,73,100],"terms":[16,64,74],"co-occurrences":[18,122],"co-absences":[20,124],"words.":[22,126],"By":[23],"using":[24],"the":[25,30,49,52,91,116,119,130],"distribution":[26],"words":[28],"over":[29],"sections,":[31],"clear":[33],"distinction":[34],"among":[35],"\u201ctheoretical\u201d":[36],"\u201cobservational,\u201d":[37],"\u201cmethodological\u201d":[39],"terminology":[40],"can":[41],"be":[42],"made":[43],"individual":[45],"articles.":[46],"However,":[47],"at":[48],"level":[50],"this":[54],"structure":[55],"is":[56,108],"no":[57],"longer":[58],"retrievable:":[59],"Words":[60],"change":[61,106],"both":[62],"frequencies":[66],"relations":[68],"with":[69,86],"other":[70],"words,":[71],"positional":[76],"meaning":[77],"one":[79],"text":[80],"to":[81,110,133],"another.":[82],"These":[83],"results":[84],"accord":[85],"Hesse's":[87],"(1980)":[88],"thesis":[89],"about":[90],"sciences":[92,117],"as":[93],"fluid":[94],"networks.":[95],"The":[96,127],"fluidity":[97],"networks":[99],"which":[101],"nodes":[102],"links":[104],"may":[105],"positions":[107],"expected":[109],"destabilize":[111],"representations":[112],"developments":[114],"on":[118],"basis":[120],"consequences":[128],"for":[129],"lexicographical":[131],"approach":[132],"generating":[134],"artificial":[135],"intelligence":[136],"scientific":[138],"texts":[139],"are":[140],"discussed.":[141],"\u00a9":[142],"1997":[143],"John":[144],"Wiley":[145],"&":[146],"Sons,":[147],"Inc.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-05-12T08:28:47.272897","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}