{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2067273185","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(199303)44:2<70::aid-asi2>3.0.co;2-i","title":"A fuzzy linguistic approach generalizing Boolean Information Retrieval: A model and its evaluation","display_name":"A fuzzy linguistic approach generalizing Boolean Information Retrieval: A model and its evaluation","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2067273185","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(199303)44:2<70::aid-asi2>3.0.co;2-i","mag":"2067273185"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(199303)44:2<70::aid-asi2>3.0.co;2-i","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(199303)44:2<70::aid-asi2>3.0.co;2-i","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220780","display_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","issn_l":"0002-8231","issn":["0002-8231","1097-4571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007697149","display_name":"Gloria Bordogna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6775-753X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107521","display_name":"Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01jgp6d54","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107521","https://openalex.org/I875825670"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gloria Bordogna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto di Fisica Cosmica e Tecnologie Relative, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ampere 56, 20131 Milano, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto di Fisica Cosmica e Tecnologie Relative, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ampere 56, 20131 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107521"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066756066","display_name":"Gabriella Pasi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6080-8170"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107521","display_name":"Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01jgp6d54","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107521","https://openalex.org/I875825670"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriella Pasi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto di Fisica Cosmica e Tecnologie Relative, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ampere 56, 20131 Milano, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto di Fisica Cosmica e Tecnologie Relative, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ampere 56, 20131 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107521"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007697149"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107521"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.576,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":286,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94011449,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"2","first_page":"70","last_page":"82"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6868726015090942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.5506040453910828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.5132946372032166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-set","display_name":"Fuzzy set","score":0.48178669810295105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4750407040119171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.4353824257850647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-boolean-model","display_name":"Standard Boolean model","score":0.43144312500953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.39732441306114197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39003652334213257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3750153183937073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.35659390687942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boolean-expression","display_name":"Boolean expression","score":0.2883946895599365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22213256359100342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boolean-function","display_name":"Boolean function","score":0.21087291836738586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1595950424671173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/and-inverter-graph","display_name":"And-inverter graph","score":0.15164422988891602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.0982048511505127}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6868726015090942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.5506040453910828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.5132946372032166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42011625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055058","display_name":"Fuzzy set","level":3,"score":0.48178669810295105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4750407040119171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4353824257850647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68481662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176197","display_name":"Standard Boolean model","level":5,"score":0.43144312500953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.39732441306114197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39003652334213257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3750153183937073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.35659390687942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158465420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1979515","display_name":"Boolean expression","level":3,"score":0.2883946895599365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22213256359100342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187455244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942353","display_name":"Boolean function","level":2,"score":0.21087291836738586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1595950424671173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196836630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4753279","display_name":"And-inverter graph","level":4,"score":0.15164422988891602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0982048511505127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(199303)44:2<70::aid-asi2>3.0.co;2-i","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(199303)44:2<70::aid-asi2>3.0.co;2-i","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220780","display_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","issn_l":"0002-8231","issn":["0002-8231","1097-4571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:boa.unimib.it:10281/43395","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10281/43395","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401259","display_name":"BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","host_organization_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.550000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W27103972","https://openalex.org/W143951608","https://openalex.org/W1570542661","https://openalex.org/W1833785989","https://openalex.org/W1874150080","https://openalex.org/W1956559956","https://openalex.org/W1966728462","https://openalex.org/W1967596639","https://openalex.org/W1993983826","https://openalex.org/W1996894902","https://openalex.org/W2003725232","https://openalex.org/W2004570655","https://openalex.org/W2017462139","https://openalex.org/W2018319399","https://openalex.org/W2019950953","https://openalex.org/W2021104033","https://openalex.org/W2029063732","https://openalex.org/W2029148987","https://openalex.org/W2031252698","https://openalex.org/W2033072900","https://openalex.org/W2039495682","https://openalex.org/W2045249520","https://openalex.org/W2048288497","https://openalex.org/W2055569966","https://openalex.org/W2068015590","https://openalex.org/W2068632118","https://openalex.org/W2069335832","https://openalex.org/W2079975413","https://openalex.org/W2082496316","https://openalex.org/W2085187375","https://openalex.org/W2085685753","https://openalex.org/W2112534381","https://openalex.org/W2148505841","https://openalex.org/W2151433603","https://openalex.org/W2151822777","https://openalex.org/W2157041604"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1630076647","https://openalex.org/W2371138613","https://openalex.org/W2080152487","https://openalex.org/W2048963458","https://openalex.org/W43109613","https://openalex.org/W2359952343","https://openalex.org/W2239445980","https://openalex.org/W2120455979","https://openalex.org/W2922249299","https://openalex.org/W1992324151"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"generalization":[1],"of":[2,29,53,67,86,115,118,133,139,191,193,207],"Boolean":[3,166,212],"Information":[4],"Retrieval":[5],"Systems":[6],"(IRS)":[7],"is":[8,37,127,200,205],"still":[9],"an":[10,163,203],"open":[11],"research":[12],"field;":[13],"in":[14,34,78,105,121,177],"fact,":[15],"though":[16],"such":[17,54],"systems":[18,36,55],"are":[19,182],"diffused":[20],"on":[21,210],"the":[22,30,38,43,51,65,84,116,122,131,189,194],"market,":[23],"they":[24],"present":[25],"some":[26],"limitations;":[27],"one":[28],"main":[31],"features":[32,69],"lacking":[33],"these":[35,155],"ability":[39],"to":[40,70,83,89,102,159],"deal":[41],"with":[42,154],"\u201cimprecision\u201d":[44],"and":[45,74,94,202],"\u201csubjectivity\u201d":[46],"characterizing":[47],"retrieval":[48,167],"activity.":[49],"However,":[50,130],"replacement":[52],"would":[56],"be":[57],"much":[58],"more":[59],"costly":[60],"than":[61],"their":[62,72,140],"evolution":[63],"through":[64],"incorporation":[66],"new":[68],"enhance":[71],"efficiency":[73],"effectiveness.":[75],"Previous":[76],"efforts":[77],"this":[79],"area":[80],"have":[81],"led":[82,157],"introduction":[85],"numeric":[87,100,150,179],"weights":[88,134,181],"improve":[90],"both":[91],"document":[92],"representation":[93],"query":[95,180],"language.":[96],"By":[97],"attaching":[98],"a":[99,103,106,108,112,136,144,148,169,211],"weight":[101],"term":[104,120],"query,":[107],"user":[109],"can":[110],"provide":[111],"quantitative":[113],"description":[114],"\u201cimportance\u201d":[117],"that":[119],"documents":[123],"he":[124],"or":[125],"she":[126],"looking":[128],"for.":[129],"use":[132],"requires":[135],"clear":[137],"knowledge":[138],"semantics":[141],"for":[142],"translating":[143],"fuzzy":[145,174,197],"concept":[146],"into":[147],"precise":[149],"value.":[151],"Our":[152],"acquaintance":[153],"problems":[156],"us":[158],"define,":[160],"starting":[161],"from":[162],"existing":[164],"weighted":[165],"model,":[168],"linguistic":[170,185,198],"extension,":[171],"formalized":[172],"within":[173],"set":[175],"theory,":[176],"which":[178,187],"replaced":[183],"by":[184],"descriptors":[186],"specify":[188],"degree":[190],"importance":[192],"terms.":[195],"This":[196],"model":[199],"defined":[201],"evaluation":[204],"made":[206],"its":[208],"implementation":[209],"IRS.":[213],"\u00a9":[214],"1993":[215],"John":[216],"Wiley":[217],"&":[218],"Sons,":[219],"Inc.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
