{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1979663447","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(198711)38:6<420::aid-asi3>3.0.co;2-s","title":"Pictures of relevance: A geometric analysis of similarity measures","display_name":"Pictures of relevance: A geometric analysis of similarity measures","publication_year":1987,"publication_date":"1987-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1979663447","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(198711)38:6<420::aid-asi3>3.0.co;2-s","mag":"1979663447"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(198711)38:6<420::aid-asi3>3.0.co;2-s","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(198711)38:6<420::aid-asi3>3.0.co;2-s","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220780","display_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","issn_l":"0002-8231","issn":["0002-8231","1097-4571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078136411","display_name":"William Jones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5257-2727"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"William P. Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation, P.O. Box 200195, Austin, Texas 78720"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation, P.O. Box 200195, Austin, Texas 78720","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063719314","display_name":"George W. Furnas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107053","display_name":"Core Competence","ror":"https://ror.org/012cc0c94","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107053"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George W. Furnas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bell Communications Research, 435 South Street, Morristown, N.J. 07960"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bell Communications Research, 435 South Street, Morristown, N.J. 07960","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107053"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078136411"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.5689,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":256,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95575843,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"6","first_page":"420","last_page":"442"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.7533649206161499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.6791731119155884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity-measure","display_name":"Similarity measure","score":0.6735933423042297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.6591536402702332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5541540384292603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.5533697605133057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complement","display_name":"Complement (music)","score":0.5481177568435669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cosine-similarity","display_name":"Cosine similarity","score":0.5149665474891663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5116820335388184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.4929795265197754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4804189205169678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4227643609046936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similitude","display_name":"Similitude","score":0.41777709126472473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.40436482429504395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3230847120285034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.31566739082336426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.13220778107643127}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.7533649206161499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.6791731119155884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776517306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29017317","display_name":"Similarity measure","level":2,"score":0.6735933423042297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.6591536402702332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5541540384292603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.5533697605133057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112313634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886648","display_name":"Complement (music)","level":5,"score":0.5481177568435669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780762811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1784941","display_name":"Cosine similarity","level":3,"score":0.5149665474891663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5116820335388184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.4929795265197754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4804189205169678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4227643609046936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143271835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254515","display_name":"Similitude","level":2,"score":0.41777709126472473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.40436482429504395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3230847120285034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31566739082336426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.13220778107643127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127716648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104053","display_name":"Phenotype","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188082640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780899","display_name":"Complementation","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(198711)38:6<420::aid-asi3>3.0.co;2-s","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(198711)38:6<420::aid-asi3>3.0.co;2-s","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220780","display_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","issn_l":"0002-8231","issn":["0002-8231","1097-4571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W74704794","https://openalex.org/W179911010","https://openalex.org/W1599930266","https://openalex.org/W1708874574","https://openalex.org/W1956559956","https://openalex.org/W1991240715","https://openalex.org/W2003240077","https://openalex.org/W2011232895","https://openalex.org/W2014706780","https://openalex.org/W2049870103","https://openalex.org/W2059975159","https://openalex.org/W2063182738","https://openalex.org/W2075006521","https://openalex.org/W2096411881","https://openalex.org/W2104115112","https://openalex.org/W2107668593","https://openalex.org/W2135255848","https://openalex.org/W3090556797"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2372745973","https://openalex.org/W2389818373","https://openalex.org/W2366015234","https://openalex.org/W2220831889","https://openalex.org/W2319693127","https://openalex.org/W3013312691","https://openalex.org/W3027421045","https://openalex.org/W4312683641","https://openalex.org/W2576320324","https://openalex.org/W2056226831"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"want":[1],"computer":[2],"systems":[3],"that":[4],"can":[5],"help":[6],"us":[7],"assess":[8],"the":[9,29,43,94,112,132,160,166,203],"similarity":[10,37,73,83,109,133,207],"or":[11],"relevance":[12],"of":[13,24,36,101,114,162,185,206],"existing":[14],"objects":[15,96],"(e.g.,":[16,28],"documents,":[17],"functions,":[18],"commands,":[19],"etc.)":[20],"to":[21,68,153,156,197,201],"a":[22,34,46,76,87,91],"statement":[23],"our":[25],"current":[26],"needs":[27],"query).":[30],"Towards":[31],"this":[32],"end,":[33],"variety":[35],"measures":[38,74,84,134],"have":[39],"been":[40],"proposed.":[41],"However,":[42],"relationship":[44],"between":[45],"measure's":[47],"formula":[48],"and":[49,61,75,93,123,135,188,199],"its":[50,62,66,115],"performance":[51],"is":[52,59,151,170,195],"not":[53],"always":[54],"obvious.":[55],"A":[56,104],"geometric":[57,105,193],"analysis":[58,106,127,194,205],"advanced":[60],"utility":[63],"demonstrated":[64],"through":[65],"application":[67],"six":[69],"conventional":[70],"information":[71],"retrieval":[72,144],"seventh":[77],"spreading":[78,179],"activation":[79,180],"measure.":[80],"All":[81],"seven":[82],"work":[85],"with":[86],"representational":[88],"scheme":[89],"wherein":[90],"query":[92,122],"database":[95],"are":[97],"represented":[98],"as":[99],"vectors":[100],"term":[102,163],"weights.":[103],"characterizes":[107],"each":[108],"measure":[110,169,181],"by":[111,174],"nature":[113],"iso-similarity":[116],"contours":[117],"in":[118,138,159],"an":[119],"n-space":[120],"containing":[121],"object":[124],"vectors.":[125],"This":[126],"reveals":[128],"important":[129],"differences":[130,141,158],"among":[131],"suggests":[136],"conditions":[137],"which":[139],"these":[140,186],"will":[142],"affect":[143],"performance.":[145],"The":[146,177,192],"cosine":[147],"coefficient,":[148],"for":[149],"example,":[150],"shown":[152],"be":[154],"insensitive":[155],"between-document":[157],"magnitude":[161],"weights":[164],"while":[165],"inner":[167],"product":[168],"sometimes":[171],"overly":[172],"affected":[173],"such":[175],"differences.":[176],"context-sensitive":[178],"may":[182],"overcome":[183],"both":[184],"limitations":[187],"deserves":[189],"further":[190],"study.":[191],"intended":[196],"complement,":[198],"perhaps":[200],"guide,":[202],"empirical":[204],"measures.":[208],"\u00a9":[209],"1987":[210],"John":[211],"Wiley":[212],"&":[213],"Sons,":[214],"Inc.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-04-28T14:05:53.105641","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}