{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4235449085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-908x(199907/08)11:4<245::aid-smr193>3.0.co;2-8","title":"A quantitative framework for software restructuring","display_name":"A quantitative framework for software restructuring","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4235449085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-908x(199907/08)11:4<245::aid-smr193>3.0.co;2-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-908x(199907/08)11:4<245::aid-smr193>3.0.co;2-8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-908x(199907/08)11:4<245::aid-smr193>3.0.co;2-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205480","display_name":"Journal of Software Maintenance Research and Practice","issn_l":"1040-550X","issn":["1040-550X","1096-908X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Software Maintenance: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054705650","display_name":"Byung-Kyoo Kang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115392","display_name":"International Society of Service Innovation Professionals","ror":"https://ror.org/02cqykx88","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Byung-Kyoo Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technology Deployment International, Inc., Santa Clara CA 95054, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology Deployment International, Inc., Santa Clara CA 95054, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115392"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006828223","display_name":"James M. Bieman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"James M. Bieman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO 80523, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO 80523, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006828223"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56687475,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"4","first_page":"245","last_page":"284"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/restructuring","display_name":"Restructuring","score":0.9601477384567261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6715534329414368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cohesion","display_name":"Cohesion (chemistry)","score":0.6586434841156006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reusability","display_name":"Reusability","score":0.635486900806427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5555004477500916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intuition","display_name":"Intuition","score":0.5134013891220093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-quality","display_name":"Software quality","score":0.4614481031894684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.46089452505111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-system","display_name":"Software system","score":0.45207738876342773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.37365931272506714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.17113035917282104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.16477838158607483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.08519470691680908}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45237549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376796","display_name":"Restructuring","level":2,"score":0.9601477384567261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6715534329414368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104054115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216828","display_name":"Cohesion (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.6586434841156006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137981799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369184","display_name":"Reusability","level":3,"score":0.635486900806427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5555004477500916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132010649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189222","display_name":"Intuition","level":2,"score":0.5134013891220093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.4614481031894684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.46089452505111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.45207738876342773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.37365931272506714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.17113035917282104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.16477838158607483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.08519470691680908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-908x(199907/08)11:4<245::aid-smr193>3.0.co;2-8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-908x(199907/08)11:4<245::aid-smr193>3.0.co;2-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205480","display_name":"Journal of Software Maintenance Research and Practice","issn_l":"1040-550X","issn":["1040-550X","1096-908X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Software Maintenance: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5799999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W122085203","https://openalex.org/W1840884391","https://openalex.org/W1936022305","https://openalex.org/W1964962870","https://openalex.org/W1966460148","https://openalex.org/W1972064644","https://openalex.org/W1978814550","https://openalex.org/W2000189655","https://openalex.org/W2019309821","https://openalex.org/W2036773030","https://openalex.org/W2037712120","https://openalex.org/W2037929850","https://openalex.org/W2041413355","https://openalex.org/W2045749853","https://openalex.org/W2052263769","https://openalex.org/W2082205765","https://openalex.org/W2091755619","https://openalex.org/W2097347001","https://openalex.org/W2100468300","https://openalex.org/W2111167768","https://openalex.org/W2113371678","https://openalex.org/W2114261632","https://openalex.org/W2115410683","https://openalex.org/W2122000464","https://openalex.org/W2132762162","https://openalex.org/W2147088720","https://openalex.org/W2148805150","https://openalex.org/W2158864412","https://openalex.org/W2159246937","https://openalex.org/W2161585937","https://openalex.org/W2162310108","https://openalex.org/W2164532179","https://openalex.org/W2166937736","https://openalex.org/W2293624369","https://openalex.org/W2296338718","https://openalex.org/W2545707583","https://openalex.org/W2911468826","https://openalex.org/W2913217271","https://openalex.org/W3000487114","https://openalex.org/W3014019320","https://openalex.org/W3169801952","https://openalex.org/W4210765118","https://openalex.org/W4244561708","https://openalex.org/W4249463364","https://openalex.org/W4298421370","https://openalex.org/W6606020984","https://openalex.org/W6651888245","https://openalex.org/W6680403547","https://openalex.org/W6682964574","https://openalex.org/W6684779588"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4282938614","https://openalex.org/W2906929912","https://openalex.org/W2604988095","https://openalex.org/W19337650","https://openalex.org/W71376590","https://openalex.org/W2965077017","https://openalex.org/W2966450834","https://openalex.org/W2095803818","https://openalex.org/W2183429912","https://openalex.org/W3023979672"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"existing":[1,65],"software":[2,29,38],"systems":[3],"can":[4,20,26,57],"benefit":[5],"from":[6,61],"restructuring":[7,19,43,118],"to":[8,63],"reduce":[9],"maintenance":[10],"cost":[11],"and":[12,23,25,51,80,90,107],"improve":[13],"reusability.":[14],"Yet,":[15],"intuition-based,":[16],"ad":[17],"hoc":[18],"be":[21,58],"difficult":[22],"expensive,":[24],"even":[27],"make":[28],"structure":[30],"worse.":[31],"We":[32],"introduce":[33],"a":[34,86,108],"quantitative":[35],"framework":[36,115],"for":[37,70],"restructuring.":[39],"In":[40],"the":[41,95,99,112],"framework,":[42],"decisions":[44],"are":[45],"guided":[46],"by":[47],"visualized":[48],"design":[49,55,73,124],"information":[50,56],"objective":[52],"criteria.":[53],"The":[54,114],"extracted":[59],"directly":[60],"code":[62],"restructure":[64],"or":[66],"legacy":[67],"software.":[68],"Criteria":[69],"comparing":[71],"alternative":[72],"structures":[74],"include":[75],"measures":[76],"of":[77,88,101],"design-level":[78],"cohesion":[79,96],"coupling.":[81],"Restructuring":[82],"is":[83],"accomplished":[84],"through":[85],"series":[87],"decomposition":[89],"composition":[91],"operations":[92],"which":[93],"increase":[94],"and/or":[97],"decrease":[98],"coupling":[100],"individual":[102],"system":[103],"components.":[104],"An":[105],"example":[106],"case":[109],"study":[110],"demonstrate":[111],"framework.":[113],"ensures":[116],"that":[117],"results":[119],"in":[120,123],"measurable":[121],"improvements":[122],"quality.":[125],"Copyright":[126],"\u00a9":[127],"1999":[128],"John":[129],"Wiley":[130],"&":[131],"Sons,":[132],"Ltd.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}